Status of selected nutrients in obese dogs undergoing caloric restriction

BMC Veterinary Research

Alexander J German³  Vincent Biourge²  Shelley L Holden³  Lisa M Freeman¹  Deborah E Linder¹ 

[1] Tufts Obesity Clinic for Animals, Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA;Royal Canin Research Centre, Aimargues 30470, France;Department of Obesity and Endocrinology, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, Wirral CH64 7TE, UK

关键词: Weight management;    Weight loss;    Canine;    Overweight;    Malnutrition;   

Others  :  1119419
DOI  :  10.1186/1746-6148-9-219

 received in 2013-07-31, accepted in 2013-10-17,  发布年份 2013

【 摘 要 】

Background

The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that dog plasma concentrations of selected nutrients decrease after undergoing caloric restriction for weight loss. Thirty-one overweight dogs that had successfully lost at least 15% of initial body weight were included in the study. Nutrients that had been previously identified to be at potential risk of deficiency during caloric restriction were measured in plasma (choline, amino acids) and urine (selenium) at the initiation and completion of a standardized weight loss regimen in dogs.

Results

Dogs remained healthy throughout the study, and no signs attributable to nutrient deficiency were noted. Percentage weight loss was 28.3% (16.0-40.1%) starting body weight, over a period of 250 days (91–674 days). Median energy intake during the weight loss period was 62 (44 to 74) Kcal/kg^0.75 target weight per day. Choline (P = 0.046) and threonine (P = 0.02) decreased after weight loss. Glycine (P = 0.041), and urinary selenium:creatinine ratio (P = 0.006) both increased after weight loss. There were no other significant differences in plasma nutrient concentrations.

Conclusions

Since concentrations of most measured nutrients did not change significantly, the data are not consistent with widespread nutrient deficiency in dogs undergoing caloric restriction using a diet formulated for weight loss. However, the significance of the decrease in plasma choline concentration requires further assessment.

【 授权许可】

   
2013 Linder et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

【 参考文献 】

• [1]Lund EM, Armstrong PJ, Kirk CA, Klausner JS: Prevalence and risk factors for obesity in adult dogs from private US veterinary practices. Int J Appl Res Vet Med 2006, 4:177-186.
• [2]Courcier EA, Thomson RM, Mellor DJ, Yam PS: An epidemiological study of environmental factors associated with canine obesity. J Small Anim Pract 2010, 51:362-367.
• [3]Bach JF, Rozanski EA, Bedenice D, Bach JF, Rozanski EA, Bedenice D, et al.: Association of expiratory airway dysfunction with marked obesity in healthy adult dogs. Am J Vet Res 2007, 68:670-675.
• [4]Hess RS, Kass PH, Shofer FS, Van Winkle TJ, Washabau RJ: Evaluation of risk factors for fatal acute pancreatitis in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999, 214:46-51.
• [5]Kealy RD, Lawler DF, Ballam JM, Mantz SL, Biery DN, Greeley EH: Effects of diet restriction on life span and age-related changes in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2002, 220:1315-1320.
• [6]Blanchard G, Nguyen P, Gayet C, Leriche I, Siliart B, Paragon BM: Rapid weight loss with a high-protein low energy diet allows the recovery of ideal body composition and insulin sensitivity in obese dogs. J Nutr 2004, 134:2148S-2150S.
• [7]Laflamme DP, Kuhlman G: The effect of weight loss regimen on subsequent weight maintenance in dogs. Nutr Res 1995, 15:1019-1028.
• [8]Burkholder WJ, Bauer JE: Foods and techniques for managing obesity in companion animals. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998, 212:658-662.
• [9]German AJ, Holden SL, Bissot T, Hackett RM, Biourge V: Dietary energy restriction and successful weight loss in obese client-owned dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2007, 21:1174-1180.
• [10]Jewell DE, Toll PW, Novotny BJ: Satiety reduces adiposity in dogs. Vet Ther 2000, 1:17-23.
• [11]Weber M, Bissot T, Servet E, Sergheraert R, Biourge V, German AJ: A high-protein, high-fiber diet designed for weight loss improves satiety in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2007, 21:1203-1208.
• [12]Yamka RM, Frantz NZ, Friesen KG: Effects of 3 canine weight loss foods on body composition and obesity markers. Int J Appl Res Vet Med 2007, 5:125-132.
• [13]Linder DE, Freeman LM, Morris P, German AJ, Biourge V, Heinze C, et al.: Theoretical evaluation of risk for nutritional deficiency with caloric restriction in dogs. Vet Q 2012, 32:123-129.
• [14]Fascetti AJ, Delaney SJ: Essential nutrient deficiency signs and clinically available or relevant methods of assessing nutrient status. In Applied Veterinary Clinical Nutrition. Edited by Fascetti AJ, Delaney SJ. Chichester, UK: Wiley-Blackwell; 2012:14-20.
• [15]Holt EL, Snyderman SE, Norton PM, Roitman E, Finch J: The plasma aminogram in kwashiorkor. Lancet 1963, 2:1343-1348.
• [16]Hayes KC, Trautwein EA: Taurine deficiency syndrome in cats. Vet Clin North Am: Small Anim Pract 1989, 19:403-432.
• [17]Strombeck DR, Rogers QR: Plasma amino acid concentrations in dogs with hepatic disease. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1978, 173:93-96.
• [18]Gulick BA, Liu IKM, Qualls CW, Gribble DH, Rogers QR: Effect of pyrrolizidine alkaloid-induced hepatic disease on plasma amino acid patterns in the horse. Am J Vet Res 1980, 41:1894-1898.
• [19]Fukuda S, Kopple JD: Chronic uraemia in dogs induced with uranyl nitrate. Nephron 1980, 25:139-143.
• [20]Longenecker JL, Hause NL: Relationship between plasma amino acids and composition of the ingested protein. Arch Biochem Biophys 1959, 84:46-50.
• [21]Delaney SJ, Kass PH, Rogers QR, Fascetti AJ: Plasma and whole blood taurine in normal dogs of varying size fed commercially prepared food. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr 2003, 87:236-244.
• [22]Von Elm E, Altman DG, Egger M, Pocock SJ, Gotzsche PC, Vandenbroucke JP: The strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. Bull World Health Organ 2007, 85:867-872.
• [23]German AJ, Holden SL, Bissot T, Morris PJ, Biourge V: A high-protein high-fibre diet improves weight loss in obese dogs. Vet J 2010, 183:294-297.
• [24]Raffan E, Holden SL, Cullingham F, Hackett RM, Rawlings JM, German AJ: Standardized positioning is essential for precise determination of body composition using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry in dogs. J Nutr 2006, 136:1976-1978.
• [25]German AJ, Hervera M, Hunter L, Holden SL, Morris PJ, et al.: Improvement in insulin resistance and reduction in plasma inflammatory adipokines after weight loss in obese dogs. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2009, 37:214-226.
• [26]Ad Hoc Committee on Dog and Cat Nutrition, National Research Council: Nutrient Requirements of Dogs and Cats. Washington, DC, USA: National Academies Press; 2006.
• [27]Holm PI, Ueland PM, Kvalheim G, Lien EA: Determination of choline, betaine, and dimethylglycine in plasma by a high-throughput method based on normal-phase chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Clin Chem 2003, 49:286-294.
• [28]Wang Z, Klipfell E, Bennett BJ, Koeth R, Levison BS, Dugar B: Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature 2011, 472:57-63.
• [29]Yan J, Wang W, Gregory JF, Malysheva O, Brenna JT, Stabler SP: MTHFR C677T genotype influences the isotopic enrichment of one-carbon metabolites in folate-compromised men consuming d9-choline. Am J Clin Nutr 2011, 93:348-355.
• [30]Potgieter HC, Ubbink JB, Bissbort S, Bester MJ, Spies JH, Vermaak WJ: Spontaneous oxidation of methionine: effect on the quantification of plasma methionine levels. Anal Biochem 1997, 248:86-93.
• [31]Tôrres CL, Miller JW, Rogers QR: Determination of free and total cyst(e)ine in plasma of dogs and cats. Vet Clin Pathol 2004, 33:228-233.
• [32]Tvarijonaviciute A, Ceron JJ, Holden SL, Cuthbertson D, Morris PJ, Biourge V, et al.: Obesity-related metabolic dysfunction in dogs: a comparison with human metabolic syndrome. BMC Vet Res 2012, 8:147.
• [33]Tvarijonaviciute A, Ceron JJ, Holden SL, Morris PJ, Biourge V, German AJ: Effects of weight loss in obese cats on biochemical analytes relating to inflammation and glucose homeostasis. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2012, 42:129-141.
• [34]German AJ: The growing problem of obesity in dogs and cats. J Nutr 2006, 136:1940S-1946S.
• [35]Tvedten H: Referral and In-Office Laboratories. In Small Animal Clinical Diagnosis by Laboratory Methods. 2nd edition. Edited by Willard MD, Twedten H, Turnwald GH. Philadeplhia, PA: W.B. Saunders; 1994:1-10.
• [36]Tvarijonaviciute A, Ceron JJ, Holden SL, Biourge V, Morris PJ, German AJ: Effect of weight loss in obese dogs on indicators of renal function or disease. J Vet Intern Med 2013, 27:31-38.
• [37]Todd SE, Thomas DG, Bosch G, Hendriks WH: Selenium status in adult cats and dogs fed high levels of dietary inorganic and organic selenium. J Anim Sci 2012, 90:2549-2555.
• [38]Lees GE, Brown SA, Elliott J, Grauer GE, Vaden SL: Assessment and management of proteinuria in dogs and cats: 2004 ACVIM forum consensus statement (small animal). J Vet Intern Med 2005, 2005(19):377-385.
• [39]Smiley LE, Peterson ME: Evaluation of a urine cortisol:creatinine ratio as a screening test for hyperadrenocorticism in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 1993, 7:163-168.
• [40]Katayama K, Sato T, Arai T, Amao H, Ohta Y, Ozawa T, Kenyon PR, Hickson RE, Tazaki H: Non-targeted analyses of animal plasma: betaine and choline represent the nutritional and metabolic status. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr 2011, 97:19-125.
• [41]Baker H, Schor SM, Murphy BD, DeAngelis B, Feingold S, Frank O: Blood vitamin and choline concentrations in healthy domestic cats, dogs and horses. Am J Vet Res 1986, 1986(47):1468-1471.
• [42]Baker H, Frank O, Tuma DJ, Barak AJ, Sorrell MF, Hutner SH: Assay of free and total choline activity in biological fluids and tissues of rats and man with torulopsis pintolopessi. Am J Clin Nutr 1978, 1978(31):532-440.
• [43]Zeisel SH, Da Costa KA: Choline: an essential nutrient for public health. Nutr Rev 2009, 67:615-623.