First infection by all four non-severe acute respiratory syndrome human coronaviruses takes place during childhood

BMC Infectious Diseases

Wenjie Tan¹  Roujian Lu¹  Huijuan Wang¹  Wen Wang¹  Weimin Zhou¹ 

[1] Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Ministry of Health; National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China

关键词: Antibody;    Indirect immunofluorescence assay;    Spike protein;    Human coronavirus;   

Others  :  1145764
DOI  :  10.1186/1471-2334-13-433

 received in 2012-12-04, accepted in 2013-08-27,  发布年份 2013

【 摘 要 】

Background

Non-severe acute respiratory syndrome (non-SARS)-related human coronaviruses (HCoVs), including HCoV-229E, -HKU1, -NL63, and -OC43, have been detected in respiratory tract samples from children and adults. However, the natural prevalence of antibodies against these viruses in serum among population is unknown.

Methods

To measure antibodies to the spike (S) protein of the four common non-SARS HCoVs, recombinant S proteins of the four HCoVs were expressed and characterised in 293 T cell. An S-protein-based indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) was then developed to detect anti-S IgG and IgM for the four individual HCoVs and applied to serum samples from a general asymptomatic population (218 children and 576 adults) in Beijing.

Results

Of 794 blood samples tested, only 29 (3.65%) were negative for anti-S IgG. The seropositivity of the four anti-S IgG antibodies was >70% within the general population. The majority of seroconversions to four-HCoV positivity first occurred in children. Both S-IgG and S-IgM antibodies were detectable among children and increased with age, reaching a plateau at 6 years of age. However, no anti-S IgM was detected in healthy adults.

Conclusion

Large proportions of children and adults in Beijing have evidence of anti-S IgG against four the HCoVs, and first infections by all four non-SARS HCoVs takes place during childhood.

【 授权许可】

   
2013 Zhou et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

【 图 表 】

Figure 1.

Figure 2.

Figure 3.

Figure 4.

【 参考文献 】

• [1]Lai MMC, Perlman S, Anderson LJ: Coronaviridae. In Fields virology. 5th edition. Edited by Fields BN, Knipe DM, Howley PM. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Press; 2007:1305-1335.
• [2]Hamre D, Procknow JJ: A new virus isolated from the human respiratory tract. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1966, 121:190-193.
• [3]Tyrrell DA, Bynoe ML: Cultivation of a novel type of common-cold virus in organ cultures. Br Med J 1965, 1:1467-1470.
• [4]van der Hoek L, Pyrc K, Jebbink MF, et al.: Identification of a new human coronavirus. Nat Med 2004, 10:368-373.
• [5]Woo PC, Lau SK, Chu CM, et al.: Characterization and complete genome sequence of a novel coronavirus, coronavirus HKU1, from patients with pneumonia. J Virol 2005, 79:884-895.
• [6]Greenberg SB: Update on rhinovirus and coronavirus infections. Semin Resoir Crit Care Med 2011, 32:433-446.
• [7]Drosten C, Gunther S, Preiser W, et al.: Identification of a novel coronavirus in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome. N Engl J Med 2003, 348:1967-76.
• [8]Ksiazek TG, Erdman D, Goldsmith CS, et al.: A novel coronavirus associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome. N Engl J Med 2003, 348:1953-66.
• [9]Bermingham A, Chand MA, Brown CS, et al.: Severe respiratory illness caused by a novel coronavirus, in a patient transferred to the United Kingdom from the Middle East, September 2012. Euro Surveill 2012, 17(40):pii=20290.
• [10]Brian DA, Baric RS: Coronavirus genome structure and replication. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2005, 287:1-30.
• [11]Dare RK, Fry AM, Chittaganpitch M, Sawanpanyalert P, Olsen SJ, Erdman DD: Human coronavirus infections in rural Thailand: a comprehensive study using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assays. J Infect Dis 2007, 196:1321-1328.
• [12]Gaunt ER, Hardie A, Claas ECJ, Simmonds P, Templeton KE: Epidemiology and clinical presentations of the four human coronaviruses 229E, HKU1, NL63, and OC43 detected over 3 years using a novel multiplex real-time PCR method. J Clin Microbiol 2010, 48:2940-7.
• [13]Lehmann C, Wolf H, Xu J, et al.: A line immunoassay utilizing recombinant nucleocapsid proteins for detection of antibodies to human coronaviruses. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2008, 61:40-88.
• [14]Severance EG, Bossis I, Dickerson FB, et al.: Development of a nucleocapsid-based human coronavirus immunoassay and estimates of individuals exposed to coronavirus in a U.S. metropolitan population. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2008, 15:1805-1810.
• [15]Shao X, Guo X, Esper F, Weibel C, Kahn JS: Seroepidemiology of group I human coronaviruses in children. J Clin Virol 2007, 40:207-213.
• [16]Dijkman R, Jebbink MF, El Idrissi NB, et al.: Human coronavirus NL63 and 229E seroconversion in children. J Clin Microbiol 2008, 46(7):2368-73.
• [17]Geoffrey JG, Gira BP, Joseph NV, Theresa ZO: Prevalence of antibodies to four human coronaviruses is lower in nasal secretions than in serum. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2010, 17(12):1875.
• [18]Maache M, Komurian-Pradel F, Rajoharison A, et al.: False-positive results in a recombinant severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) nucleocapsid-based western blot assay were rectified by the use of two subunits (S1 and S2) of spike for detection of antibody to SARS-CoV. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2006, 13:409-414.
• [19]Giménez LG, Rojas J, Rojas A, Mendoza J, Camacho AG: Development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-based test with a cocktail of nucleocapsid and spike proteins for detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus-specific antibody. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2009, 16(2):241-5.
• [20]Yang ZY, Nabel GJ, et al.: A DNA vaccine induces SARS coronavirus neutralization and protective immunity in mice. Nature 2004, 428:561-564.
• [21]Zhang L, Nolan E, Kreitschitz S, Rabussay DP: Enhanced delivery of naked DNA to the skin by non-invasive in vivo electroporation. Biochim Biophys Acta 2002, 1572:1-9.
• [22]Garbino J, Crespo S, Aubert JD, et al.: A prospective hospital-based study of the clinical impact of non-severe acute respiratory syndrome (non-SARS)-related human coronavirus infection. Clin Infect Dis 2006, 43:1009-1015.
• [23]Haynes LM, Miao C, Harcourt JL, et al.: Recombinant protein-based assays for detection of antibodies to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike and nucleocapsid proteins. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2007, 14(3):331-3.
• [24]Woo PC, Lau SK, Wong BH, et al.: False-positive results in a recombinant severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) nucleocapsid enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay due to HCoV-OC43 and HCoV-229E rectified by Western blotting with recombinant SARS-CoV spike polypeptide. J Clin Microbiol 2004, 42:5885-5888.
• [25]Woo PC, Lau SK, Wong BH, et al.: Differential sensitivities of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus spike polypeptide enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and SARS coronavirus nucleocapsid protein ELISA for serodiagnosis of SARS coronavirus pneumonia. J Clin Microbiol 2005, 43(7):3054-8.
• [26]Chan CM, Tse H, Wong SS, et al.: Examination of seroprevalence of coronavirus HKU1 infection with S protein-based ELISA and neutralization assay against viral spike pseudotyped virus. J Clin Virol 2009, 45:54-60.
• [27]Chan CM, Woo PC, Lau SK, et al.: Spike protein, S, of human coronavirus HKU1: role in viral life cycle and application in antibody detection. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2008, 233:1527-1536.
• [28]Bradburne AF, Bynoe ML, Tyrrell DA: Effects of a “new” human respiratory virus in volunteers. Br Med J 1967, 3:767-769.
• [29]Bradburne AF, Somerset BA: Coronative antibody tires in sera of healthy adults and experimentally infected volunteers. J. Hyg. (London) 1972, 70:235-244.
• [30]Callow KA, Parry HF, Sergeant M, Tyrrell DA: The time course of the immune response to experimental coronavirus infection of man. Epidemiol Infect 1990, 105:435-446.
• [31]Hasony HJ, Macnaughton MR: Prevalence of human coronavirus antibody in the population of southern Iraq. J Med Virol 1982, 9(3):209-16.
• [32]Kraaijeveld CA, Reed SE, Macnaughton MR: Enzymelinked immunosorbent assay for detection of antibody in volunteers experimentally infected with human coronavirus strain 229 E. J Clin Microbiol 1980, 12:493-497.
• [33]Hofmann H, Pyrc K, van der Hoek L, Geier M, Berkhout B, Pohlmann S: Human coronavirus NL63 employs the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus receptor for cellular entry. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2005, 102:7988-7993.
• [34]Principi N, Bosis S, Esposito S: Effects of coronavirus infections in children. Emerg Infect Dis 2010, 16:183-188.