Prevalence of hepatitis B and C viral co-infections among HIV-1 infected individuals in Nairobi, Kenya

BMC Research Notes

Samoel Ashimosi Khamadi¹  Anthony Kebira Nyamache¹  Dorcas Wachira¹  Michael Muita Gicheru²  Beatrice Mukami Muriuki² 

[1] Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Virus Research, Nairobi, Kenya;Department of Zoological Sciences, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya

关键词: ELISA;    HIV-1;    Hepatitis;   

Others  :  1141687
DOI  :  10.1186/1756-0500-6-363

 received in 2013-02-11, accepted in 2013-09-03,  发布年份 2013

【 摘 要 】

Background

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and Hepatitis C virus (HCV) co-infections among HIV-1 infected individuals are growing worldwide health problems characterized by lack of effective vaccines, need for expensive treatment, chronicity of morbidity and associated mortality. Their prevalence and distribution patterns continue to vary across geographical locations with high prevalence being detected among high risk populations. To determine the prevalence of HBV and HCV among HIV-1 infected individuals, blood samples were collected from consenting study subjects visiting comprehensive HIV clinics in Nairobi during the period between October and December 2009.

Methods

Blood samples from volunteers were screened with ELISA tests for detecting HIV, HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) and anti-HCV antibodies.

Results

In a total of three (300) hundred infected individuals consisting of 129 (43%) males and 171 (57%) females 15.3% (46/300) were HIV-1 co-infected with either HBV or HCV or both, 10.3% (31/300) with HIV-1 and HCV and 6% (18/300) with HIV-1 and HBV infections. However, only three individuals (1%) were coinfected with the three viruses (HIV/HBV/HCV).

Conclusion

Though, low levels of co-infection with all three viruses were reported, there could be higher prevalence rates than reported here especially among high risk populations.

【 授权许可】

   
2013 Muriuki et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

【 参考文献 】

• [1]Saravanan S, Velu V, Kumarasamy N, Nandakumar S, Murugavel K, et al.: Coinfection of hepatitis B and hepatitis C virus in HIV-infected patients in south India. World J Gastroenterol 2007, 13:5015-5020.
• [2]Koziel M, Peters M: Viral hepatitis in HIV infection. N Engl J Med 2007, 356:1445-1454.
• [3]Maier I, Wu G: Hepatitis C and HIV co-infection: a review. World J Gastroenterology 2002, 8:577-579.
• [4]Aceijas C, Rhodes T: Global estimates of prevalence of HCV infection among injecting drug users. Int J Drug Policy 2000, 18:352-358.
• [5]Thio C: Hepatitis B and human immunodeficiency virus coinfection. Hepatology 2009, 49:138-145.
• [6]Nikolopoulos GK, Paraskevis D, Hatzitheodorou E, et al.: Impact of hepatitis B virus infection on the progression of AIDS and mortality in HIV-infected individuals: a cohort study and meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis 2009, 48:1763-1771.
• [7]Lacombe K, Boyd A, Gozlan J, Lavocat F, Girard PM, Zoulim F: Drug resistance and immune escape HBV mutants in HIV-infected hosts. Antivir Ther 2010, 15:493-497.
• [8]Sulkowski MS, Thomas DL, Chaisson RE, et al.: Hepatotoxicity associated with antiretroviral therapy in adults infected with human immunodeficiency virus and the role of hepatitis C or B virus infection. JAMA 2000, 283(1):74-80.
• [9]Sulkowski MS, Thomas DL, Mehta SH, et al.: Hepatotoxicity associated with nevirapine or efavirenz-containing antiretroviral therapy: role of hepatitis C and B infections. Hepatology 2002, 35(1):182-189.
• [10]Benhamou Y, Bochet M, Thibault V, et al.: Safety and efficacy of adefovir dipivoxil in patients coinfected with HIV-1 and lamivudine-resistant HBV: an open-label pilot study. Lancet 2001, 358:718-723.
• [11]Gamal S, Mousa SA: Current status and future directions in the management of chronic hepatitis C. Virol J 2012, 9:57. BioMed Central Full Text
• [12]Man-Fung Y, Ching-Lung L: Treatment of chronic hepatitis B: Evolution over two decades. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011, 26(Suppl. 1):138-143.
• [13]Tan Y, Wei QH, Chen LJ, Chan PC, Lai WS, et al.: Molecular Epidemiology of HCV Monoinfection and HIV/HCV Coinfection in Injection Drug Users in Liuzhou, Southern China. PLoS ONE 2008, 3(10):e3608.
• [14]Muasya T, Lore W, Yano K, Yatsuhashi H, Owit FR, Fukuda M, Tamada MY, Kulundu J, Tukei J, Okoth FA: Prevalence of hepatitis c virus and its genotypes among a cohort of drug users in Kenya. East Afr Med J 2008, 85:7.
• [15]Zhou Y-H, Liu F-L, Yao Z-H, Duo L, Li H, et al.: Comparison of HIV-, HBV-, HCV- and Co-Infection Prevalence between Chinese and Burmese Intravenous Drug Users of the China-Myanmar Border Region. PLoS ONE 2011, 6(1):e16349.
• [16]Landay A, Ohlsson-Wilhelm B, Giorgi J: Application of flow cytometry to the study of HIV infection. AIDS 1990, 4:479-497.
• [17]Zaaijer H, Vrielink H, Koot M: Early detection of hepatitis B surface antigen and detection of HBsAg mutants: a comparison of five assays. Vox sang 2001, 81:219-221.
• [18]Gretch DR: Diagnostic tests for hepatitis C. Hepatology 1997, 26:43-47.
• [19]Kapembwa KC, Goldman JD, Lakhi S, Banda Y, Bowa K, Vermund SH, Mulenga J, Chama D, Chi BH: HIV, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C in Zambia. J Global Infect Dis 2011, 3:269-274.
• [20]Nagu T, Bakari M, Matee M: Hepatitis A, B and C viral co-infections among HIV-infected adults presenting for care and treatment at Muhimbili National Hospital in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. BMC Publ Health 2008, 8:416. BioMed Central Full Text
• [21]Karoney MJ, Siika AM: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in Africa: a review). Pan Afr Med J 2013, 14:44. doi:0.11604/pamj.2013.14.44.2199. Epub 2013 Jan 31
• [22]Harania R, Karuru J, Nelson M, Stebbing J: HIV, hepatitis B and C co-infection in Kenya. AIDS 2008, 22:1221-1222.
• [23]Kerubo G, Khamadi SA, Mwau M, Madise N, Azeh A: Hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and HIV-1 coinfection in two selected informal urban settlements in Nairobi, Kenya. AIDS 2010 – XVIII International AIDS ConferenceAbstract no. CDB0093
• [24]Rouet F, Chaix ML, Inwoley A, Msellati P, Viho I, Combe P, et al.: HBV and HCV prevalence and viraemia in HIV-positive and HIV-negative pregnant women in Abidjan, Cote d’Ivoire: The ANRS 1236 study. J Med Virol 2004, 74:34-40.
• [25]Mboto CI, Fielder M, Davies-Russell A, Jewell AP: Hepatitis C virus prevalence and serotypes associated with HIV in The Gambia. Br J Biomed Sci 2010, 67:140-144.
• [26]Moore E, Beadsworth MB, Chaponda M, Mhango B, Faragher B, Njala J, et al.: Favourable one-year ART outcomes in adult Malawians with hepatitis B and C co-infection. J Infect 2010, 61:155-163.
• [27]Nyirenda M, Beadsworth MB, Stephany P, Hart CA, Hart IJ, Munthali C, et al.: Prevalence of infection with hepatitis B and C virus and coinfection with HIV in medical inpatients in Malawi. J Infect 2008, 57:72-77.
• [28]Otegbayo JA, Taiwo BO, Akingbola TS, Odaibo GN, Adedapo KS, Penugonda S, et al.: Prevalence of hepatitis B and C seropositivity in a Nigerian cohort of HIV-infected patients. Ann Hepatol 2008, 7:152-156.
• [29]Pirillo MF, Bassani L, Germinario EA, Mancini MG, Vyankandondera J, Okong P, et al.: Seroprevalence of hepatitis B and C viruses among HIV-infected pregnant women in Uganda and Rwanda. J Med Virol 2007, 79:1797-1801.
• [30]Diop-Ndiaye H, Toure-Kane C, Etard JF, Lo G, Diaw P, Ngom-Gueye NF, et al.: Hepatitis B, C seroprevalence and delta viruses in HIV-1 Senegalese patients at HAART initiation (retrospective study). J Med Virol 2008, 80:1332-1336.
• [31]Kallestrup P, Zinyama R, Gomo E, Dickmeiss E, Platz P, Gerstoft J, et al.: Low prevalence of hepatitis C virus antibodies in HIV-endemic area of Zimbabwe support sexual transmission as the major route of HIV transmission in Africa. AIDS 2003, 17:1400-1402.
• [32]Telatela S, Mecky MA, Munubhi E: Seroprevalence of hepatitis B and C viral co-infections among children infected with human immunodeficiency virus attending te paediatric HIV care and treatment center at Muhimbili National Hospital in Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania. BMC Publ Health 2007, 7:338. BioMed Central Full Text
• [33]Fainboim H, Gonzalez J, Fassio P: Prevalence of hepatitis viruses in an anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus positive population from Argentina- A multicentre study. J viral Hepatology 1999, 6:53-57. 28
• [34]Oshitani H, Kasolo FC, Mpabalwani M, Mizuta K, Luo NP, Suzuki H, et al.: Prevalence of hepatitis B antigens in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 seropositive and seronegative pregnant women in Zambia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1996, 90:235-236.
• [35]Di Bisceglie AM, Maskew M, Schulze D, Reyneke A, McNamara L, Firnhaber C: HIV-HBV coinfection among South African patients receiving antiretroviral therapy. Antivir Ther 2010, 15(3 Pt B):499-503. 45
• [36]Belay T, Gizachew Y, Afework K, Anteneh A, Andargachew M, Frank E, Ulrich S: Seroprevalence of HIV, HBV, HCV and syphilis infections among blood donors at Gondar University Teaching Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia: declining trends over a period of five years. BMC Infect Dis 2010, 10:111. BioMed Central Full Text
• [37]Lukhwareni A, Burnett RJ, Selabe SG, Mzileni MO, Mphahlele MJ: Increased detection of HBV DNA in HBsAg-positive and HBsAg-negative South African HIV/AIDS patients enrolling for highly active antiretroviral therapy at a Tertiary Hospital. J Med Virol 2009, 81:406-412.
• [38]Lesi OA, Kehinde MO, Oguh DN, Amira CO: Hepatitis B and C virus infection in Nigerian patients with HIV/AIDS. Niger Postgrad Med J 2007, 14(2):129-133.
• [39]Lodenyo H, Schoub B, Ally R, Kairu S, Segal I: Hepatitis B and C virus infections and liver function in AIDS patients at Chris Hani Baragwanath, Johannesburg. East Afr Med J 2000, 77(1):13-15.
• [40]Hoffmann CJ, Charalambous S, Martin DJ, Innes C, Churchyard GJ, Chaisson RE, et al.: Hepatitis B virus infection and response to antiretroviral therapy (ART) in a South African ART program. Clin Infect Dis 2008, 47:1479-1485.
• [41]Shimelis T, Torben W, Medhin G, Tebeje M, Andualm A, Demessie F, et al.: Hepatitis B virus infection among people attending the voluntary counselling and testing centre and anti-retroviral therapy clinic of St Paul’s General Specialised Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Sex Transm Infect 2008, 84:37-41.
• [42]Ampofo W, Nii-Trebi N, Ansah j, Abe K, Naito H, Aidoo S, Nuvor V, Brandful J, Yamamoto N, Ofori-Adjei D, Ishikawa K: Prevalence of Bloodborne Infectious Diseases in blood donors in Ghana. J Clinical Microbiology 2002, 40:3523-3525.
• [43]Okoth F, Mbuthia J, Gatheru Z, Murila F, Kanyingi F, Mugo F, Esamai F, Alavi Z, Otieno J, Kiambati H, Wanjuki N: Seroprevalence of hepatitis B markers in pregnant women in Kenya. East Afr Med J 2006, 83:485-493.
• [44]Otedo AEHBV: HIV co-infection at Kisumu district hospital, Kenya. East Afr Med J 2004, 81(12):626-630.
• [45]Ejele OA, Nwauche CA, Erhabor O: The Prevalence of Hepatitis B surface Antigenaemia in HIV positive patients in the Niger Delta Nigeria. Niger J Med 2004, 13(2):175-179.
• [46]Mustapha S, Jibrin Y: The prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigenaemia in patientys with Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in Gombe, Nigeria. Annual African Medical J 2004, 3:10-12.
• [47]Kasolo F, Sakala I, Baboo K: Hepatitis B virus infection in human immunodeficiency virus seropositive patients at the University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia: Interrelationship. [Abstract no. 963]. 2 nd IAS. Paris, France: Conference on HIV Pathogenesis and Treatment; 2003.
• [48]Sud A, Singh J, Dhiman RK, Wanchu A, Singh S, Chawia Y: Hepatitis B virus co-infection in HIV infected patients. Trop Gastroenterol 2001, 22(2):90-92.
• [49]Rahlenbeck S, Yohannes G, Molla K, Reifen R, Assefa A: Infection with HIV, Syphilis and hepatitis B in Ethiopia: A survey in blood donors. Int J STDS AIDS 1997, 8:261-264.
• [50]Mutuma GZ, Mbuchi MW, Zeyhle E, Fasana R, Okoth FA, Kabanga MJ, Kuria J, Shiramba LT, Njenga KM, Kaiguri PM, Osidiana V: Prevalence of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) surface antigen and HBV-associated hepatocellular carcinoma in Kenyans of various ages. Afr J Health Sci 2011, 18:53-61.
• [51]Wester CW, Bussmann H, Moyo S, Avalos A, Gaolathe T, Ndwapi N, et al.: Serological evidence of HIV-associated infection among HIV-1-infected adults in Botswana. Clin Infect Dis 2006, 43:1612-1615.
• [52]Taiwo Modupe B, Samuel E, Emmanuel Folorunso O: HIV, Hepatitis B and C viruses’ coinfection among patients in a Nigerian tertiary hospital. Pan African Medical J 2012, 12:100.
• [53]Firnhaber C, Reyneke A, Schulze D, Malope B, Maskew M, MacPhail P, et al.: The prevalence of hepatitis B co-infection in a South African urban government HIV clinic. S Afr Med J 2008, 98:541-544.