A cross-sectional assessment of knowledge, attitude and practice among Hepatitis-B patients in Quetta, Pakistan

BMC Public Health

Hisham Aljadhey²  Abdul Haseeb⁴  Maryam Farooqui³  Fahad Saleem¹  Asrul Akmal Shafie⁵  Mohamed Azmi Hassali⁵  Noman ul Haq¹ 

[1] Department of Pharmacy, University of Baluchistan, Quetta, Pakistan/Discipline of Social and Administrative Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia;College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia;Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Penang, Malaysia/Discipline of Social & Administrative Pharmacy, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Penang, Malaysia;Faculty of Pharmacy, Umm Al Qura University, Makkah, 21955, Saudi Arabia;Discipline of Social and Administrative Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia

关键词: Hepatitis-B patients;    KAP;    Pakistan;    Hepatitis-B;   

Others  :  1162233
DOI  :  10.1186/1471-2458-13-448

 received in 2013-01-05, accepted in 2013-05-02,  发布年份 2013

【 摘 要 】

Background

Hepatitis-B is a life threatening infection resulting in 0.6 million deaths annually. The prevalence of Hepatitis-B is rising in Pakistan and furthermore, there is paucity of information about Knowledge, Attitude and Practice among Hepatitis-B patients. Better disease related knowledge is important to have positive attitude and that will bring the good practices which will prevent the further spread of infection. This study aimed to evaluate knowledge, attitude and practice of Hepatitis-B Patients in Quetta city, Pakistan.

Methods

A cross-sectional, descriptive study was undertaken with 390 Hepatitis-B patients attending two public hospitals in Quetta city, Pakistan. Knowledge, attitude and practice regarding Hepatitis-B were assessed using a pre-validated questionnaire containing 20, 7 and 8 questions for knowledge, attitude and practice, respectively. Descriptive statistics were used for elaborating patients’ demographic characteristics and mean scores for knowledge, attitude and practice of Hepatitis-B patients. Inferential statistics (Mann–Whitney U test and Kruskal Wallis tests, p < 0.05) were used to establish association between study variables. Spearman’s rho correlation was used to identify the association between the knowledge, attitude and practice scores.

Results

Out of 390 patients, 223 (57.2%) were males, with the majority (136, 34.9%) in the age group of 38–47 years. Mean age of the study cohort was 32.6 ± 9.5 years. One hundred and four (26.7%) had primary level education, with 110 (28.2%) working in the private sector. The mean scores for knowledge, attitude and practice were 8.48 ± 2.7, 3.87 ± 1.2 and 2.37 ± 1.0, respectively. Education, locality and occupation were significantly associated with knowledge, attitude and practice scores. Significant positive linear correlations between knowledge-attitude (r = 0.466, p < 0.01) knowledge-practice (r = 0.221, p < 0.01) and attitude-practice (r = 0.224, p < 0.01) were also observed from the study results.

Conclusion

The findings of this study indicate that Hepatitis-B patients lack a basic understanding of infection control and management. This can result in the further spread of Hepatitis-B infection. Extensive health education campaigns should be provided to the patients in the hospital as well as in community settings for rational control and management of the disease.

【 授权许可】

   
2013 ul Haq et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

【 参考文献 】

• [1]Hepatitis B: Fact sheet No. 204. [http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs204/en/ webcite]
• [2]Lee WM: Hepatitis B virus infection. N Engl J Med 1997, 337(24):1733-1745.
• [3]Lok ASF, McMahon BJ: Chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology 2007, 45(2):507-539.
• [4]Keeffe EB, Dieterich DT, Han SHB, Jacobson IM, Martin P, Schiff ER, Tobias H: A treatment algorithm for the management of chronic hepatitis B virus infection in the United States: 2008 update. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008, 6(12):1315-1341.
• [5]Mahoney FJ: Update on diagnosis, management, and prevention of hepatitis B virus infection. Clin Microbiol Rev 1999, 12(2):351-366.
• [6]André F: Hepatitis B epidemiology in Asia, the middle East and Africa. Vaccine 2000, 18:S20-S22.
• [7]Lesmana LA, Leung NWY, Mahachai V, Phiet PH, Suh DJ, Yao G, Zhuang H: Hepatitis B: overview of the burden of disease in the Asia Pacific region. Liver Int 2006, 26(S2):3-10.
• [8]Mohamed R, Desmond P, Suh DJ, Amarapurkar D, Gane E, Guangbi Y, Hou JL, Jafri W, Lai CL, Lee CH: Practical difficulties in the management of hepatitis B in the Asia–Pacific region. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2004, 19(9):958-969.
• [9]Kumar A, Lalani S, Afridi A, Khuwaja A: Screening of hepatitis B and C among people visiting general practice clinics in a rural district of Sindh. Pakistan. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad 2010, 22(4):143.
• [10]Abdul MS, Jamal Q, Khanani R, Iqbal N, Kaher S: Prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen and HCV antibodies in hepatocellular carcinoma cases in Karachi. Pakistan. Trop Doct 1997, 27(1):45.
• [11]Agboatwalla M, Isomura S, Miyake K, Yamashita T, Morishita T, Akram DS: Hepatitis A, B and C seroprevalence in Pakistan. Indian J Pediatr 1994, 61(5):545-549.
• [12]Jafri W, Jafri N, Yakoob J, Islam M, Tirmizi SFA, Jafar T, Akhtar S, Hamid S, Shah H, Nizami S: Hepatitis B and C: prevalence and risk factors associated with seropositivity among children in Karachi. Pakistan. BMC Infect Dis 2006, 6(1):101. BioMed Central Full Text
• [13]Khattak M, Salamat N, Bhatti F, Qureshi T: Seroprevalence of hepatitis B, C and HIV in blood donors in northern Pakistan. J Pak Med Assoc 2002, 52(9):398-402.
• [14]Khokhar N, Gill ML, Malik GJ: General seroprevalence of hepatitis C and hepatitis B virus infections in population. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak 2004, 14(9):534.
• [15]Launiala A: How much can a KAP survey tell us about people’s knowledge, attitudes and practices? Some observations from medical anthropology research on malaria in pregnancy in Malawi. Anthropology Matters Journal 2009, 11(1):1-13.
• [16]World Health Organization: Advocacy, communication and social mobilization for TB control: a guide to developing knowledge, attitude and practice survey. [http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2008/9789241596176_eng.pdf webcite]
• [17]Good B: Medicine, rationality, and experience: an anthropological perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ Pr; 1994.
• [18]Tannahill A: Beyond evidence—to ethics: a decision-making framework for health promotion, public health and health improvement. Health Promot Int 2008, 23(4):380-390.
• [19]Ribeaux P, Poppleton SE: Psychology and Work. Macmillan London: an introduction; 1978.
• [20]Yoder PS: Negotiating relevance: belief, knowledge, and practice in international health projects. Med Anthropol Q 1997, 11(2):131-146.
• [21]Haq NU, Hassali MA, Shafie AA, Saleem F, Farooqui M, Aljadhey H: A cross sectional assessment of knowledge, attitude and practice towards Hepatitis B among healthy population of Quetta. Pakistan. BMC Public Health 2012, 12(1):692. BioMed Central Full Text
• [22]Anwar M, Green J, Norris P: Health-seeking behaviour in Pakistan: A narrative review of the existing literature. Public Health 2012, 126(6):507-517.
• [23]Vandenbroucke JP, Von Elm E, Altman DG, Gotzsche PC, Mulrow CD, Pocock SJ, Poole C, Schlesselman JJ, Egger M: Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE): explanation and elaboration. PLoS Med 2007, 4(10):e297.
• [24]Daniel WW: Biostatistics: Basic concepts and methodology for the health sciences. John Wiley & Sons; 2010.
• [25]Volicer BJ: Biostatistics: A Foundation for Analysis in the Health Sciences. Nurs Res 1979, 28(5):266.
• [26]National Bioethics Committee Pakistan: Ethical Research Committee-Guidelines. http://www.pmrc.org.pk/erc_guidelines.htm webcite
• [27]Alam M, Tariq W: Knowledge, attitudes and practices about hepatitis B and C among young healthy males. Pak J Pathol 2006, 17(4):147-150.
• [28]Behling O, Law KS: Translating questionnaires and other research instruments. Sage Publications, Inc: Problems and solutions; 2000.
• [29]Harkness JA, Schoua-Glusberg A: Questionnaires in translation. ZUMA-Nachrichten Spezial 1998, 3:87-127.
• [30]Santos JRA: Cronbach’s alpha: A tool for assessing the reliability of scales. J Extension 1999, 37(2):1-5.
• [31]Mundrom D, Perret J, Schaffer J, Piccone A, Roozeboom M: Bonferroni adjustments in tests for regression coefficients. Multiple Linear Regression Viewpoints 2006, 32(1):1-6.
• [32]Haider G, Haider A: Awareness of women regarding hepatitis B. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad 2008., 20(4)
• [33]Nguyen TT, Taylor V, Bastani R, Maxwell AE, Mcphee SJ: Hepatitis B awareness, knowledge, and screening among Asian Americans. J Cancer Educ 2007, 22(4):266-272.
• [34]Taylor VM, Tu SP, Woodall E, Acorda E, Chen H, Choe J, Li L, Yasui Y, Hislop TG: Hepatitis B knowledge and practices among Chinese immigrants to the United States. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2006, 7(2):313-317.
• [35]Thompson MJ, Taylor VM, Jackson JC, Yasui Y, Kuniyuki A: Shin‒Ping T, Hislop TG: Hepatitis B knowledge and practices among Chinese American women in Seattle. Washington. J Cancer Educ 2002, 17(4):222-226.
• [36]van der Veen YJJ, Voeten HACM, de Zwart O, Richardus JH: Awareness, knowledge and self-reported test rates regarding Hepatitis B in Turkish-Dutch: a survey. BMC Public Health 2010, 10(1):512. BioMed Central Full Text
• [37]Wu CA, Lin SY, So SK, Chang ET: Hepatitis B and liver cancer knowledge and preventive practices among Asian Americans in the San Francisco Bay Area. California. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2007, 8(1):127-134.
• [38]Becker MH: The Health Belief Model and Sick Role Behavior. Health Educ Behav 1974, 2(4):409-419.
• [39]Shaikh BT, Haran D, Hatcher J: Where do they go, whom do they consult, and why? Health-seeking behaviors in the northern areas of Pakistan. Qual Health Res 2008, 18(6):747-755.
• [40]Ul Haq N, Hassali MA, Shafie AA, Saleem F, Aljadhey H: A cross sectional assessment of health related quality of life among patients with Hepatitis-B in Pakistan. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2012, 10(1):91. BioMed Central Full Text
• [41]Cheung J, Lee TK, Teh CZ, Wang C, Kwan W, Yoshida EM: Cross-sectional study of hepatitis B awareness among Chinese and Southeast Asian Canadians in the Vancouver-Richmond community. Can J Gastroenterol 2005, 19(4):245-249.
• [42]Singh A, Purohit B: Knowledge, Attitude and Practice towards Infection Control Measures and it’s Correlation among Dental Students in Bhopal city. Central India. Int J Infect Control 2010, 7(1):1-9.
• [43]Fisher WA, Fisher JD, Rye BJ: Understanding and promoting AIDS-preventive behavior: Insights from the theory of reasoned action. Health Psychol 1995, 14(3):255-264.