Determining intestinal parasitic infections (IPIs) in inmates from Kajang Prison, Selangor, Malaysia for improved prison management

BMC Infectious Diseases

Yvonne AL Lim²  Adeeba Kamarulzaman¹  Init Ithoi²  Amirah Amir²  Romano Ngui²  Nan-Jiun Yap²  Sajideh Samin³  Rohela Mahmud²  Lorainne Angal² 

[1] Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia;Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia;Penjara Utama Kajang, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia

关键词: Malaysia;    Prison inmates;    Intestinal parasites;    HIV;   

Others  :  1232690
DOI  :  10.1186/s12879-015-1178-3

 received in 2015-05-07, accepted in 2015-10-05,  发布年份 2015

【 摘 要 】

Background

The prison management in Malaysia is proactively seeking to improve the health status of the prison inmates. Intestinal parasitic infections (IPIs) are widely distributed throughout the world and are still gaining great concern due to their significant morbidity and mortality among infected humans. In Malaysia, there is a paucity of information on IPIs among prison inmates. In order to further enhance the current health strategies employed, the present study aims to establish firm data on the prevalence and diversity of IPIs among HIV-infected and non-HIV-infected individuals in a prison, an area in which informed knowledge is still very limited.

Methods

Samples were subjected to microscopy examination and serological test (only for Strongyloides). Speciation for parasites on microscopy-positive samples and seropositive samples for Strongyloides were further determined via polymerase chain reaction. SPSS was used for statistical analysis.

Results

A total of 294 stool and blood samples each were successfully collected, involving 131 HIV positive and 163 HIV negative adult male inmates whose age ranged from 21 to 69-years-old. Overall prevalence showed 26.5 % was positive for various IPIs. The IPIs detected included Blastocystis sp., Strongyloides stercoralis, Entamoeba spp., Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia spp., and Trichuris trichiura. Comparatively, the rate of IPIs was slightly higher among the HIV positive inmates (27.5 %) than HIV negative inmates (25.8 %). Interestingly, seropositivity for S. stercoralis was more predominant in HIV negative inmates (10.4 %) compared to HIV-infected inmates (6.9 %), however these findings were not statistically significant. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) confirmed the presence of Blastocystis, Strongyloides, Entamoeba histolytica and E. dispar.

Conclusions

These data will enable the health care providers and prison management staff to understand the trend and epidemiological situations in HIV/parasitic co-infections in a prison. This information will further assist in providing evidence-based guidance to improve prevention, control and management strategies of IPIs co-infections among both HIV positive and HIV negative inmates in a prison environment.

【 授权许可】

   
2015 Angal et al.

【 参考文献 】

• [1]Kamel AGM, Maning N, Arulmainathan S, Murad S, Nasuruddin A, Lai KP. Cryptosporidiosis among HIV positive intravenous drug users in Malaysia. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 1994; 25:650-653.
• [2]Mecroritch E, Eaton RD. Outbreak of amoebiasis among Indian inmates in North Western Sackatchewan. Canada Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1965; 4:719-723.
• [3]Anderson RM. Dynamic aspects of parasite population ecology. In: Ecological aspects of parasitology. Kennedy CR, editor. North Holland Publishing Co, Amsterdam; 1976: p.431-462.
• [4]Amuga G, Usmand D, Onwuliri COE. Human intestinal parasites among inmates of Keffi Prison, Nasarawa State. Int J of Nat – Applied Sc. 2006; 2:7-10.
• [5]Okolie N. Intestinal parasites distribution among inmates of Owerri Prison. The Internet Journal of Parasitic Diseases. 2008; 4:1.
• [6]Ishaleku D, Mamman AS. Co-infection of malaria and helminthes infection among prison inmates. Res Rev J Microbiol Virol. 2014; 2(1):1-5.
• [7]World Health Organization (WHO) Europe. HIV in prisons. 2015. http://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/communicable-diseases/hivaids/policy. Accessed February 2015.
• [8]Weishburch JC. Prison health. In: Public health and preventive medicine. 3rd ed. Last JM, Wallace RB, editors. Appleton and Lange, California; 1992: p.1159-1162.
• [9]Li CF. Hookworm infection and protein energy malnutrition: Transverse evidence from two Malaysian ecological groups. Trop Geogr Med. 1990; 42:8-12.
• [10]Chan L, Kan SP, Bundy DA. The effect of repeated chemotheraphy on the prevalence and intensity infection of Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura. Parasitology. 1992; 104:371-377.
• [11]DuPont HL, Chapell CL, Sterling CR, Okhuysen PC, Rose JB, Jakubowski W. The infectivity of Cryptosporidium parvum in healthy volunteers. New Engl J Med. 1995; 332:855-859.
• [12]Kan SP. Soil-transmitted helminthiases among inhabitants of an oil palm plantation in West Malaysia. J Trop Med Hygiene. 1998; 92:263-269.
• [13]Norhayati M, Fatmah MS, Yusof S. Intestinal parasitic infections in man: A review. Med J Malaysia. 2003; 58:2-10.
• [14]Ngui R, Ishak S, Chuen CS, Mahmud R, Lim YAL. Prevalence and risk factors of intestinal parasitism in rural and remote West Malaysia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2011; 5:e974.
• [15]Lim YAL, Rohela M, Sim BLH, Jamaiah I, Nurbayah M. Prevalence of cryptosporidiosis in HIV-infected patients in Kajang Hospital, Selangor. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2005; 36:30-32.
• [16]Zaidah AR, Chan YY, Asma SH, Abdullah S, Nurhaslindawati AR, Salleh M et al.. Detection of Cryptosporidium parvum in HIVinfected patients in Malaysia using molecular approach. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2008; 39:511-516.
• [17]Asma I, Lim YAL, Johari S, Sim BLH. High diversity of Cryptosporidium subgenotypes identified in Malaysian HIV/AIDS individuals targeting gp60 gene. Plos ONE. 2012; 7(2):e31139.
• [18]Lono A, Kumar S, Chye TT. Detection of microsporidia in local HIV-positive population in Malaysia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2011; 105(7):409-13.
• [19]Azira NMS, Abdel Rahman MZ, Zeehaida M. Review of patients with Strongyloides stercoralis infestation in a tertiary teaching hospital. Kelantan Malays J Pathol. 2013; 35(1):71-76.
• [20]Asma I, Johari S, Benedict SLH, Yvonne LAL. How common is intestinal parasitism in HIV-infected patients in Malaysia? Trop Biomed. 2011; 28(2):400-410.
• [21]Lee SC, Ngui R, Tan TK, Aidil RM, Lim YAL. Neglected tropical diseases among two indigenous subtribes in Peninsular Malaysia: Highlighting differences and co-infection of helminthiasis and sarcocystosis. Plos One. 2014; 9(9): Article ID e107980
• [22]Lim YAL, Ngui R, Nicholas C, Chow SC, Smith HV. Intestinal parasitic infections amongst Orang Asli (indigenous) in Malaysia: Has socioeconomic development alleviated the problem? Trop Biomed. 2009; 26(2):110-122.
• [23]Leedy PD. Practical research: planning and design. 5th ed. MacMilan Publishing Company, New York; 1993.
• [24]Kuk S, Yazar S, Cetinkaya U. Stool sample storage conditions for the preservation of Giardia intestinalis DNA. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2012; 107(8):965-968.
• [25]Pipatsatitpong D, Rangsin R, Leelayoova S, Naaglor T, Mungthin M. Incidence and risk factors of Blastocystis infection in an orphanage in Bangkok Thailand. Parasit Vectors. 2012; 14:37. BioMed Central Full Text
• [26]Abdulsalam AM, Ithoi I, Al-Mekhlafi HM, Ahmed A, Surin J, Mak JW. Drinking water is a significant predictor of Blastocystis infection among rural Malaysian primary schoolchildren. Parasitology. 2012; 139:1014-1020.
• [27]Böhm-Gloning B, Knobloch J, Walderich B. Five subgroups of Blastocystis hominis isolates from symptomatic and asymptomatic patients revealed by restriction site analysis of PCR-amplified 16S-like rDNA. Trop Med Int. 1997; 2:771-778.
• [28]Santín M, Gómez-Muñoz MT, Solano-Aguilar G, Fayer R. Development of a new protocol to detect and subtype Blastocystis spp. from humans and animals. Parasitol Res. 2011; 109:205-212.
• [29]Khairnar K, Parija SC. A novel nested multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for differential detection of Entameoba histolytica, E. moshkovskii and E. dispar DNA in stool samples. BMC Microbiol. 2007; 7:47. BioMed Central Full Text
• [30]Johnson DW, Pieniazek NJ, Griffin DW, Misener L, Rose JB. Development of a PCR protocol for sensitive detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts in water samples. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1995; 61(11):3849-3855.
• [31]Nichols RAB, Campbell BM, Smith HV. Identification of Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts in United Kingdom noncarbonated natural mineral waters and drinking waters by using a modified nested PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism assay. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2003; 69:4183-4189.
• [32]Nilforoushan MR, Mirhendi H, Rezaie S, Rezaian M, Meamar AR, Kia EB. A DNA-based identification of Strongyloides stercoralis isolates from Iran. Iranian J Publ Health. 2007; 36(3):16-20.
• [33]Mamo H. Intestinal parasitic infections among prison inmates and tobacco farm workers in Shewa Robit. North-Central Ethiopia PLoS ONE. 2014; 9(6):e99559.
• [34]Jamaiah I, Rohela M. Prevalence of intestinal parasites among members of the public in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2005; 36(1):68-71.
• [35]Nissapatorn V, Lim YAL, Jamaiah I, Rohela M, Khairul AA. Parasitic infection: A recurring phenomenon in Malaysia. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2007; 38(1):181-190.
• [36]Tengku SA, Siti NA, Fatmah MS, Norhayati M. Molecular epidemiology of giardiasis among Orang Asli in Malaysia: application of the triosephosphate isomerase gene. BMC Infect Dis. 2014; 14:78. BioMed Central Full Text
• [37]Gassama A, Sow PS, Fall F, Camara P, Gueye-N’diaye A, Seng R et al.. Ordinary and opportunistic enteropathogens associated with diarrhea in Senegalese adults in relation to human immunodeficiency virus serostatus. Int J Infect Dis. 2001; 5:192-198.
• [38]Tian LG, Wang TP, Lv S, Wang FF, Guo J, Yin XM et al.. HIV and intestinal parasite co-infections among a Chinese population: An immunological profile. Infectious Diseases of Poverty. 2013; 2:18. BioMed Central Full Text
• [39]Vassalos CM, Spanakos G, Vassalou E, Papadopoulou C, Vakalis N. Differences in clinical significance and morphologic features of Blastocystis sp subtype 3. Am J Clin Pathol. 2010; 133:251-8.
• [40]Jantermtor S, Pinlaor P, Sawadpanich K, Pinlaor S, Sangka A, Wilailuckana C et al.. Subtype identification of Blastocystis spp. isolated from patients in a major hospital in northeastern Thailand. Parasitol Res. 2013; 112:1781-1786.
• [41]Sardarian K, Hajilooi M, Maghsood A, Moghimbeigi A, Alikhani M. A study of the genetic variability of Blastocystis hominis isolates in Hamadan. West of Iran Jundishapur J Microbiol. 2012; 5(4):555-559.
• [42]Ramírez JD, Sánchez LV, Bautista DC, Corredor AF, Flórez AC, Stensvold CR. Blastocystis subtypes detected in humans and animals from Colombia. Infect Genet Evol. 2013; 22:223-228.
• [43]Yoshikawa H, Abe N, Wu Z. PCR-based identification of zoonotic isolates of Blastocystis from mammals and birds. Microbiology. 2004; 150:1147-51.
• [44]Noël C, Dufernez F, Gerbod D, Edgcomb VP, Delgado-Viscogliosi P, Ho LC et al.. Molecular phylogenies of Blastocystis isolates from different hosts: Implications for genetic diversity, identification of species, and zoonosis. J Clin Microbiol. 2005; 43:348-355.
• [45]Fontanet AL, Sahlu T, Rinke de Wit T, Messele T, Masho W. Epidemiology of infections with intestinal parasites and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) among sugar-estate residents in Ethiopia. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 2000; 94:269-278.
• [46]Lebbad M, Norrgren H, Naucler A, Dias F, Andersson S. Intestinal parasites in HIV-2 associated AIDS cases with chronic diarrhoea in Guinea-Bissau. Acta Trop. 2001; 80:45-49.
• [47]Tian LG, Chen JX, Wang TP, Cheng GJ, Steinmann P et al.. Co-infection of HIV and intestinal parasites in rural area of China. Parasit Vectors. 2012; 5:36. BioMed Central Full Text
• [48]Revision of the CDC surveillance case definition for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. MMWR Surveill Summ. 1987; 36:1-15.
• [49]Kosek M, Alcantara C, Lima AA, Guerrant RL. Cryptosporidiosis: an update. Lancet Infect Dis. 2001;1:262–9.50. Adamu H, Wegayehu T, Petros B. High prevalence of diarrhoegenic intestinal parasite infections among non-ART HIV patients in Fitche Hospital, Ethiopia. PLoS One. 2013; 8(8):e72634.
• [50]Hung CC, Tsaihong JC, Lee YT, Deng HY, Hsiao WH, Chang SY et al.. Prevalence of intestinal infection due to Cryptosporidium species among Taiwanese patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Formos Med Assoc. 2007; 106:31-35.
• [51]WHO. HIV/TB co-infection. 2015. www.who.int/topics/tuberculosis/en/. Accessed March 2015.
• [52]CDC. HIV and Viral Hepatitis. 2014. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/pdf/library_factsheets_HIV_and_viral_Hepatitis.pdf. Accessed March 2014.