Chinese translation and validation of a parental feeding style questionnaire for parents of Hong Kong preschoolers

BMC Public Health

Calvin Cheung¹  Kenneth Lo³  Albert Lee¹  Vera Keung¹  Wilson Tam² 

[1] Center for Health Education and Promotion, Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong;Alice Lee Centre for Nursing Studies, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore;Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong

关键词: Childhood obesity;    Parental feeding style questionnaire;    Validation;   

Others  :  1122926
DOI  :  10.1186/1471-2458-14-1194

 received in 2014-04-02, accepted in 2014-11-07,  发布年份 2014

【 摘 要 】

Background

Childhood obesity is a major public health issue in many countries, including China. The importance of parenting relative to the healthy development of children requires the development of instruments for assessing parental influence on child dietary pattern. This study aimed to confirm the internal reliability and validity of a self-report measure on parental feeding styles, including emotional feeding, instrumental feeding, prompting or encouragement to eat, and control over eating.

Methods

A 27-item parental feeding style questionnaire (PFSQ) was translated into Chinese and then translated back into English to verify consistency. The questionnaire was then used to conduct a cross-sectional survey on the parents of Hong Kong preschoolers. The internal reliability and validity of the questionnaire were examined by Cronbach’s alpha and exploratory factor analysis, respectively.

Results

4,553 completed questionnaires were received. Cronbach’s alpha of subscales ranged from 0.63 to 0.81, and the overall reliability was good (alpha = 0.75). The factor structure of this questionnaire was similar to that of the original and Turkish versions. One-factor structure was identified for emotional feeding, instrumental feeding (four items), and prompting or encouragement to eat, whereas a two-factor structure was revealed for control over eating.

Conclusion

The Chinese version of the PFSQ has good reliability and validity in assessing parental feeding styles in Hong Kong. Researchers can use this instrument to improve their understanding on how parental feeding styles may affect the dietary patterns and ultimately the weight statuses of children among Chinese-speaking populations across different countries.

【 授权许可】

   
2014 Tam et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

【 参考文献 】

• [1]Lim SS, Vos T, Flaxman AD, Danaei G, Shibuya K, Adair-Rohani H, Amann M, Anderson HR, Andrews KG, Aryee M, Atkinson C, Bacchus LJ, Bahalim AN, Balakrishnan K, Balmes J, Barker-Collo S, Baxter A, Bell ML, Blore JD, Blyth F, Bonner C, Borges G, Bourne R, Boussinesq M, Brauer M, Brooks P, Bruce NG, Brunekreef B, Bryan-Hancock C, Bucello C: A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet 2012, 380(9859):2224-2260.
• [2]Brisbois TD, Farmer AP, McCargar LJ: Early markers of adult obesity: a review. Obes Rev 2012, 13(4):347-367.
• [3]Adair LS, Fall CH, Osmond C, Stein AD, Martorell R, Ramirez-Zea M, Sachdev HS, Dahly DL, Bas I, Norris SA, Micklesfield L, Hallal P, Victora CG, COHORTS group: Associations of linear growth and relative weight gain during early life with adult health and human capital in countries of low and middle income: findings from five birth cohort studies. Lancet 2013, 382(9891):525-534.
• [4]Han JC, Lawlor DA, Kimm SYS: Childhood obesity. Lancet 2010, 375(9727):1737-1748.
• [5]Song Y, Wang HJ, Ma J, Wang Z: Secular trends of obesity prevalence in urban Chinese children from 1985 to 2010: gender disparity. PloS one 2013, 8(1):e53069.
• [6]D-H DoH: Bridge. In vol. 2012. Edited by Health Do. Hong Kong: Department of Health; 2012.
• [7]Ko GTC: The cost of obesity in Hong Kong. Obes Rev 2008, 9:74-77.
• [8]Pearson N, Biddle SJ, Gorely T: Family correlates of fruit and vegetable consumption in children and adolescents: a systematic review. Public Health Nutr 2009, 12(2):267-283.
• [9]Blissett J: Relationships between parenting style, feeding style and feeding practices and fruit and vegetable consumption in early childhood. Appetite 2011, 57(3):826-831.
• [10]O’Connor TM, Hughes SO, Watson KB, Baranowski T, Nicklas TA, Fisher JO, Beltran A, Baranowski JC, Qu H, Shewchuk RM: Parenting practices are associated with fruit and vegetable consumption in pre-school children. Public Health Nutr 2010, 13(1):91-101.
• [11]Hughes SO, Patrick H, Power TG, Fisher JO, Anderson CB, Nicklas TA: The impact of child care providers’ feeding on children’s food consumption. J Dev Behav Pediatr 2007, 28(2):100-107.
• [12]Hennessy E, Hughes SO, Goldberg JP, Hyatt RR, Economos CD: Permissive parental feeding behavior is associated with an increase in intake of Low-nutrient-dense foods among American children living in rural communities. J Acad Nutr Diet 2012, 112(1):142-148.
• [13]Patrick H, Nicklas TA, Hughes SO, Morales M: The benefits of authoritative feeding style: caregiver feeding styles and children’s food consumption patterns. Appetite 2005, 44(2):243-249.
• [14]Moens E, Braet C, Soetens B: Observation of family functioning at mealtime: A comparison between families of children with and without overweight. J Pediatr Psychol 2007, 32(1):52-63.
• [15]Vaughn AE, Tabak RG, Bryant MJ, Ward DS: Measuring parent food practices: a systematic review of existing measures and examination of instruments. Int J Behav Nutr Phy 2013, 10:61. BioMed Central Full Text
• [16]Jansen E, Daniels LA, Nicholson JM: The dynamics of parenting and early feeding – constructs and controversies: a viewpoint. Early Child Dev Care 2012, 182(8):967-981.
• [17]Carnell S, Wardle J: Associations between multiple measures of parental feeding and children’s adiposity in United Kingdom preschoolers. Obesity 2007, 15(1):137-144.
• [18]Carnell S, Benson L, Driggin E, Kolbe L: Parent feeding behavior and child appetite: associations depend on feeding style. Int J Eat Disord 2014, 47(7):705-709.
• [19]Clark HR, Goyder E, Bissell P, Blank L, Walters SJ, Peters J: A pilot survey of socio-economic differences in child-feeding behaviours among parents of primary-school children. Public Health Nutr 2008, 11(10):1030-1036.
• [20]Saxton J, Carnell S, Van Jaarsveld CHM, Wardle J: Maternal education is associated with feeding style. J Am Diet Assoc 2009, 109(5):894-898.
• [21]Monge-Rojas R, Smith-Castro V, Colon-Ramos U, Garita-Arce C, Sanchez-Lopez M, Chinnock A: Parental feeding styles and adolescents’ healthy eating habits. Structure and correlates of a Costa Rican questionnaire. Appetite 2010, 55(2):253-262.
• [22]Yilmaz R, Erkorkmaz U, Ozcetin M, Karaaslan E: How does parents’ visual perception of their child’s weight status affect their feeding style? Nutr Hosp 2013, 28(3):741-746.
• [23]Ozcetin M, Yilmaz R, Erkorkmaz U, Esmeray H: Reliability and validity study of parental feeding style questionnaire. Turk Pediatr Arsivi 2010, 45(2):124-131.
• [24]Jiang JX, Rosenqvist U, Wang HS, Greiner T, Ma Y, Toschke AM: Risk factors for overweight in 2-to 6-year-old children in Beijing, China. Int J Pediatr Obes 2006, 1(2):103-108.
• [25]Jiang JX, Xing GR, Wang HS, Ma Y, Gong LM, Xu L: Family risk factors of overweight and obesity in preschool children. Zhonghua er ke za zhi Chinese J Pediatrics 2007, 45(3):172-175.
• [26]Wardle J, Sanderson S, Guthrie CA, Rapoport L, Plomin R: Parental feeding style and the intergenerational transmission of obesity risk. Obes Res 2002, 10(6):453-462.
• [27]Chen HY, Boore JRP: Translation and back-translation in qualitative nursing research: methodological review. J Clin Nurs 2010, 19(1–2):234-239.
• [28]Sharma S: Applied Multivariate Techniques. New York: J. Wiley; 1996.
• [29]Fisher JO, Birch LL: Parents’ restrictive feeding practices are associated with young girls’ negative self-evaluation of eating. J Am Diet Assoc 2000, 100(11):1341-1346.