The screen for cognitive impairment in psychiatry: diagnostic-specific standardization in psychiatric ill patients

BMC Psychiatry

Javier Rejas⁹  Francisco Mesa⁷  Scot E Purdon²  Eduard Vieta^1,10  Miguel Bernardo^1,11  Benedicto Crespo-Facorro⁵  Manuel J Cuesta¹  Manuel Franco⁶  Anabel Martínez-Arán^1,10  Gemma Safont^1,11  Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos³  Emilio Rojo⁸  Óscar Pino⁸  Georgina Guilera⁴  Juana Gómez-Benito⁴ 

[1]Psychiatric Hospitalization Unit, Hospital Virgen del Camino, Pamplona-Iruña, Spain

[2]Department of Psychiatry, Bebensee Schizophrenia Research Unit, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada

[3]Department of Medicine, Teaching Unit of Psychiatry and Psychological Medicine, University of Valencia, CIBERSAM, Valencia, Spain

[4]Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior (IR3C), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

[5]Department of Psychiatry, Hospital University Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain

[6]Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Provincial Rodríguez Chamorro, Zamora, Spain

[7]Department of Neurosciences, Medical Unit, Pfizer Spain, Alcobendas, Madrid, Spain

[8]Department of Psychiatry, Benito Menni CASM, Granollers Hospital General, Granollers, Barcelona, Spain

[9]Health Outcomes Research Department, Medical Unit, Pfizer Spain, Alcobendas, Madrid, Spain

[10]Bipolar Disorders Program, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clinic i Provincial, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

[11]Schizophrenia Program Clinic, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clinic i Provincial, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain

关键词: Bipolar I disorder;    Schizophrenia;    Norms;    Standardization data;    SCIP-S;   

Others  :  1124066
DOI  :  10.1186/1471-244X-13-127

 received in 2013-03-22, accepted in 2013-04-23,  发布年份 2013

【 摘 要 】

Background

The Screen for Cognitive Impairment in Psychiatry (SCIP) is a simple and easy to administer scale developed for screening cognitive deficits. This study presents the diagnostic-specific standardization data for this scale in a sample of schizophrenia and bipolar I disorder patients.

Methods

Patients between 18 and 55 years who are in a stable phase of the disease, diagnosed with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, schizophreniform disorder, or bipolar I disorder were enrolled in this study.

Results

The SCIP-S was administered to 514 patients (57.9% male), divided into two age groups (18–39 and 40–55 years) and two educational level groups (less than and secondary or higher education). The performance of the patients on the SCIP-S is described and the transformed scores for each SCIP-S subtest, as well as the total score on the instrument, are presented as a percentile, z-score, T-scores, and IQ quotient.

Conclusions

We present the first jointly developed benchmarks for a cognitive screening test exploring functional psychosis (schizophrenia and bipolar disorder), which provide increased information about patient’s cognitive abilities. Having guidelines for interpreting SCIP-S scores represents a step forward in the clinical utility of this instrument and adds valuable information for its use.

【 授权许可】

   
2013 Gómez-Benito et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

【 参考文献 】

• [1]Jakobsen KD, Hansen T, Werge T: Diagnostic stability among chronic patients with functional psychoses: an epidemiological and clinical study. BMC Psychiatry 2007, 7:41. BioMed Central Full Text
• [2]Heinrichs RW, Zakzanis KK: Neurocognitive deficit in schizophrenia: a quantitative review of the evidence. Neuropsychology 1998, 12:426-445.
• [3]Krabbendam L, Arts B, van Os J, Aleman A: Cognitive functioning in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: a quantitative review. Schizophr Res 2005, 80:137-149.
• [4]Daban C, Martinez-Aran A, Torrent C, Tabarés-Seisdedos R, Balanzá-Martínez V, Salazar-Fraile J, Selva-Vera G, Vieta E: Specificity of cognitive deficits in bipolar disorder versus schizophrenia. A systematic review. Psychother Psychosom 2006, 75:72-84.
• [5]Cuesta MJ, Peralta V, Zarzuela A: Empirical validation of competing definitions of schizophrenia: a poly-diagnostic study of cognitive impairment in non-affective psychosis. Schizophr Res 2007, 95:39-47.
• [6]Reichenberg A, Harvey PD, Bowie CR, Mojtabai R, Rabinowitz J, Heaton RK, Bromet E: Neuropsychological function and dysfunction in schizophrenia and psychotic affective disorders. Schizophr Bull 2009, 35:1022-1029.
• [7]Francey SM, Jackson HJ, Phillips LJ, Wood SJ, Yung AR, McGorry PD: Sustained attention in young people at high risk of psychosis does not predict transition to psychosis. Schizophr Res 2005, 79:127-136.
• [8]Saykin AJ, Gur RC, Gur RE, Mozley PD, Mozley LH, Resnick SM, Kester DB, Stafiniak P: Neuropsychological function in schizophrenia. Selective impairment in memory and learning. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1991, 48:618-624.
• [9]Tamminga CA, Stan AD, Wagner AD: The hippocampal formation in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 2010, 167:1178-1193.
• [10]Studentkowski G, Scheele D, Calabrese P, Balkau F, Höffler J, Aubel T, Edel MA, Juckel G, Assion HJ: Cognitive impairment in patients with a schizoaffective disorder: a comparison with bipolar patients in euthymia. Eur J Med Res 2010, 15:70-78.
• [11]Greenwood KE, Morris R, Sigmundsson T, Landau S, Wykes T: Executive functioning in schizophrenia and the relationship with symptom profile and chronicity. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2008, 14:782-792.
• [12]Basso MR, Lowery N, Ghormley C, Ward T, Purdie R, Neel J, Combs DR, Bornstein RA: Neuropsychological impairment and psychosis in mania. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2009, 31:523-532.
• [13]Becker HE, Nieman DH, Dingemans PM, van de Fliert JR, De Haan L, Linszen DH: Verbal fluency as a possible predictor for psychosis. Eur Psychiatry 2010, 25:105-110.
• [14]Bonner-Jackson A, Grossman LS, Harrow M, Rosen C: Neurocognition in schizophrenia: a 20-year multi-follow-up of the course of processing speed and stored knowledge. Compr Psychiatry 2010, 51:471-479.
• [15]González-Blanch C, Rodríguez-Sánchez JM, Pérez-Iglesias R, Pardo-García G, Martínez-García O, Vázquez-Barquero JL, Crespo-Facorro B: First-episode schizophrenia patients neuropsychologically within the normal limits: evidence of deterioration in speed of processing. Schizophr Res 2010, 119:18-26.
• [16]Green MF: What are the functional consequences of neurocognitive deficits in schizophrenia? Am J Psychiatry 1996, 153:321-330.
• [17]Harvey PD, Sharma T: Understanding and treating cognition in schizophrenia: A clinician’s handbook. London: Dunitz; 2002.
• [18]Tabarés-Seisdedos R, Balanzá-Martínez V, Sánchez-Moreno J, Martinez-Aran A, Salazar-Fraile J, Selva-Vera G, Rubio C, Mata I, Gómez-Beneyto M, Vieta E: Neurocognitive and clinical predictors of functional outcome in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar I disorder at one-year follow-up. J Affect Disord 2008, 109:286-299.
• [19]Simonsen C, Sundet K, Vaskinn A, Ueland T, Romm KL, Hellvin T, Melle I, Friis S, Andreassen OA: Psychosocial function in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: relationship to neurocognition and clinical symptoms. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2010, 28:1-13.
• [20]Green MF, Nuechterlein KH: The MATRICS initiative: developing a consensus cognitive battery for clinical trials. Schizophr Res 2004, 72:1-3.
• [21]Kern RS, Green MF, Nuechterlein KH, Deng BH: NIMH-MATRICS survey on assessment of neurocognition in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2004, 72:11-19.
• [22]Carter CS, Barch DM: Cognitive neuroscience-based approaches to measuring and improving treatment effects on cognition in schizophrenia: the CNTRICS initiative. Schizophr Bull 2007, 33:1131-1137.
• [23]Buchanan RW, Freedman R, Javitt DC, Abi-Dargham A, Lieberman JA: Recent advances in the development of novel pharmacological agents for the treatment of cognitive impairments in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2007, 33:1120-1130.
• [24]Kern RS, Nuechterlein KH, Green MF, Baade LE, Fenton WS, Gold JM, Keefe RS, Mesholam-Gately R, Mintz J, Seidman LJ, Stover E, Marder SR: The MATRICS consensus cognitive battery, part 2: co-norming and standardization. Am J Psychiatry 2008, 165:214-220.
• [25]Nuechterlein KH, Green MF, Kern RS, Baade LE, Barch DM, Cohen JD, Essock S, Fenton WS, Frese FJ 3rd, Gold JM, Goldberg T, Heaton RK, Keefe RS, Kraemer H, Mesholam-Gately R, Seidman LJ, Stover E, Weinberger DR, Young AS, Zalcman S, Marder SR: The MATRICS consensus cognitive battery, part 1: test selection, reliability, and validity. Am J Psychiatry 2008, 165:203-213.
• [26]Kiernan RJ, Mueller J, Langston JW, Van Dyke C: The neurobehavioral cognitive status examination: a brief but quantitative approach to cognitive assessment. Ann Intern Med 1987, 107:481-485.
• [27]Randolph C, Tierney MC, Mohr E, Chase TN: The repeatable battery for the assessment of neuropsychological status (RBANS): preliminary clinical validity. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 1998, 20:310-319.
• [28]Woodcock RW, McGrew KS, Mather N: Woodcock-Johnson III tests of cognitive abilities. Itasca, IL: Riverside; 2001.
• [29]Keefe RS, Goldberg TE, Harvey PD, Gold JM, Poe MP, Coughenour L: The brief assessment of cognition in schizophrenia: reliability, sensitivity, and comparison with a standard neurocognitive battery. Schizophr Res 2004, 68:283-297.
• [30]Velligan DI, DiCocco M, Bow-Thomas CC, Cadle C, Glahn DC, Miller AL, Biggs MM, Shores-Wilson K, McKenzie CA, Crismon ML: A brief cognitive assessment for use with schizophrenia patients in community clinics. Schizophr Res 2004, 71:273-283.
• [31]Purdon SE: The Screen for Cognitive Impairment in Psychiatry (SCIP): Instructions and three alternate forms. PNL Inc, Edmonton: Alberta; 2005.
• [32]Hurford IM, Marder SR, Keefe RS, Reise SP, Bilder RM: A brief cognitive assessment tool for schizophrenia: construction of a tool for clinicians. Schizophr Bull 2011, 37:538-545.
• [33]Guilera G, Pino O, Gómez-Benito J, Rojo JE, Vieta E, Tabarés-Seisdedos R, Segarra N, Martínez-Arán A, Franco M, Cuesta MJ, Crespo-Facorro B, Bernardo M, Purdon SE, Díez T, Rejas J, on behalf of the Spanish Working Group in Cognitive Function: Clinical usefulness of the screen for cognitive impairment in psychiatry (SCIP-S) scale in patients with type I bipolar disorder. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2009, 7:28. BioMed Central Full Text
• [34]Pino O, Guilera G, Rojo E, Gómez-Benito J, Bernardo M, Crespo-Facorro B, Cuesta MJ, Franco M, Martinez-Arán A, Segarra N, Tabarés-Seisdedos R, Vieta E, Purdon SE, Díez T, Rejas J, the Spanish Working Group in Cognitive Function: Spanish version of the screen for cognitive impairment in psychiatry (SCIP-S): psychometric properties of a brief scale for cognitive evaluation in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2008, 99:139-148.
• [35]Rojo E, Pino O, Guilera G, Gómez-Benito J, Purdon SE, Crespo-Facorro B, Cuesta MJ, Franco M, Martínez-Arán A, Segarra N, Tabarés-Seisdedos R, Vieta E, Bernardo M, Mesa F, Rejas J, on behalf of the Spanish Working Group in Cognitive Function: Neurocognitive diagnosis and cut-off scores of the screen for cognitive impairment in psychiatry (SCIP-S). Schizophr Res 2010, 116:243-251.
• [36]Pino O, Guilera G, Gómez J, Rojo JE, Vallejo J, Purdon SE: Escala breve para evaluar el deterioro cognitivo en pacientes psiquiátricos. Psicothema 2006, 18:447-452.
• [37]Anastasi A, Urbina S: Psychological testing. 7th edition. NJ: Prentice Hall; 1997.
• [38]Kendall PC, Marrs-Garcia A, Nath SR, Sheldrick RC: Normative comparisons for the evaluation of clinical significance. J Consult Clin Psychol 1999, 67:285-299.
• [39]Wilk CM, Gold JM, Humber K, Dickerson F, Fenton WS, Buchanan RW: Brief cognitive assessment in schizophrenia: normative data for the repeatable battery for the assessment of neuropsychological status. Schizophren Res 2004, 70:175-186.
• [40]Iverson GL, Brooks BL, Haley GM: Interpretation of the RBANS in inpatient psychiatry: clinical normative data and prevalence of low scores for patients with schizophrenia. Appl Neuropsychol 2009, 16:31-41.
• [41]American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, Text Revision (DSM-IV TR). 4th edition. Washington DC: APA; 2000.
• [42]Kay SR, Opler LA, Fiszbein A: The positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS). Rat Man Soc Behav Sci Doc 1986, 17:28-29.
• [43]Peralta V, Cuesta MJ: Escala del síndrome positivo y negativo en la esquizofrenia (PANSS), Manual de puntuación. Madrid: Janssen; 2004.
• [44]Hamilton M: A rating scale for depression. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1960, 23:56-62.
• [45]Young RC, Biggs JT, Ziegler VE, Meyer DA: A rating scale for mania: reliability, validity and sensitivity. Br J Psychiatry 1978, 133:429-435.
• [46]Lewis R: Should cognitive deficit a diagnostic criterion for schizophrenia? J Psychiatry Neurosci 2004, 29:102-113.
• [47]Keefe RS, Fenton WS: How should DSM-V criteria for schizophrenia include cognitive impairment? Schizophr Bull 2007, 33:912-920.
• [48]Steinberg BA, Bieliauskas LA, Smith GE, Ivnik RJ, Malec JF: Mayo's Older Americans normative studies: Age- and IQ-adjusted norms for the auditory verbal learning test and the visual spatial learning test. Clin Neuropsychol 2005, 19:464-523.
• [49]Choca JP, Krueger KR, de la Torre GG, Corral S, Garside D: Demographic adjustments for the Spanish version of the WAIS-III. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2009, 24:619-629.
• [50]van Haren NE, Hulshoff Pol HE, Schnack HE, Cahn W, Brans R, Carati I, Rais M, Kahn RS: Progressive brain volume loss in schizophrenia over the course of the illness: evidence of maturational abnormalities in early adulthood. Biol Psychiatry 2008, 63:106-113.
• [51]Brans RG, Kahn RS, Schnack HG, van Baal GC, Posthuma D, van Haren NE, Lepage C, Lerch JP, Collins DL, Evans AC, Boomsma DI, Hulshoff Pol HE: Brain plasticity and intellectual ability are influenced by shared genes. J Neurosci 2010, 30:5519-5524.
• [52]Schofield PW, Marder K, Dooneief G, Jacobs DM, Sano M, Stern Y: Association of subjective memory complaints with subsequent cognitive decline in community-dwelling elderly individuals with baseline cognitive impairment. Am J Psychiatry 1997, 154:609-615.
• [53]Hohman TJ, Beason-Held LL, Lamar M, Resnick SM: Subjective cognitive complaints and longitudinal changes in memory and brain function. Neuropsychology 2011, 25:125-130.
• [54]Lencz T, Smith CW, McLaughlin D, Auther A, Nakayama E, Hovey L, Cornblatt BA: Generalized and specific neurocognitive deficits in prodromal schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2006, 59:863-871.
• [55]Woodberry KA, Seidman LJ, Giuliano AJ, Verdi MB, Cook WL, McFarlane WR: Neuropsychological profiles in individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis: relationship to psychosis and intelligence. Schizophr Res 2010, 123:188-198.
• [56]Zanelli J, Reichenberg A, Morgan K, Fearon P, Kravariti E, Dazzan P, Morgan C, Zanelli C, Demjaha A, Jones PB, Doody GA, Kapur S, Murray RM: Specific and generalized neuropsychological deficits: a comparison of patients with various first-episode psychosis presentations. Am J Psychiatry 2010, 167:78-85.
• [57]Simonsen C, Sundet K, Vaskinn A, Birkenaes AB, Engh JA, Færden A, Jo´nsdo´ttir H, Ringen PA, Opjordsmoen S, Melle I, Friis S, Andreassen OA: Neurocognitive dysfunction in bipolar and schizophrenia spectrum disorders depends on history of psychosis rather than diagnostic group. Schizophr Bull 2011, 37:73-83.