Phylogeographic pattern of Rhizophora (Rhizophoraceae) reveals the importance of both vicariance and long-distance oceanic dispersal to modern mangrove distribution

BMC Evolutionary Biology

Mei Sun³  Norman C Duke²  Eugenia YY Lo¹ 

[1] Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA;Trop WATER, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia;School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong

关键词: Vicariance;    Rhizophora;    Phylogeography;    Mangroves;    Long-distance dispersal;    Nuclear markers;    Indo-west pacific;    Divergence time;    Chloroplast DNA;    Atlantic-east pacific;   

Others  :  856731
DOI  :  10.1186/1471-2148-14-83

 received in 2013-11-19, accepted in 2014-04-04,  发布年份 2014

【 摘 要 】

Background

Mangroves are key components of coastal ecosystems in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. However, the patterns and mechanisms of modern distribution of mangroves are still not well understood. Historical vicariance and dispersal are two hypothetic biogeographic processes in shaping the patterns of present-day species distributions. Here we investigate evolutionary biogeography of mangroves in the Indo-West Pacific (IWP) and western Atlantic-East Pacific (AEP) regions using a large sample of populations of Rhizophora (the most representative mangrove genus) and a combination of chloroplast and nuclear DNA sequences and genome-wide ISSR markers.

Results

Our comparative analyses of biogeographic patterns amongst Rhizophora taxa worldwide support the hypothesis that ancient dispersals along the Tethys Seaway and subsequent vicariant events that divided the IWP and AEP lineages resulted in the major disjunctions. We dated the deep split between the Old and New World lineages to early Eocene based on fossil calibration and geological and tectonic changes. Our data also provide evidence for other vicariant processes within the Indo-West Pacific region in separating conspecific lineages of SE Asia and Australia-Pacific at the Oligocene-Miocene boundary. Close genetic affinities exist between extant Fijian and American lineages; East African and Australian lineages; and Australian and Pacific lineages; indicating relatively more recent oceanic long-distance dispersal events.

Conclusions

Our study demonstrates that neither vicariance nor dispersal alone could explain the observed global occurrences of Rhizophora, but a combination of vicariant events and oceanic long-distance dispersals can account for historical diversification and present-day biogeographic patterns of mangroves.

【 授权许可】

   
2014 Lo et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

【 图 表 】

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