Genome and secretome analysis of the hemibiotrophic fungal pathogen, Moniliophthora roreri, which causes frosty pod rot disease of cacao: mechanisms of the biotrophic and necrotrophic phases

BMC Genomics

Bryan A Bailey³  Gonçalo AG Pereira⁹  Rachel L Melnick³  Jonathan Shao⁴  Robert E Davis⁴  Jayne Crozier⁵  Thiruvarangan Ramaraj^1,10  Andrew Farmer^1,10  Piotr Mieczkowski⁶  Mark J Guiltinan²  John E Carlson¹  Stephan C Schuster⁸  Marcelo Falsarella Carazzolle⁷  Paulo José PL Teixeira⁹  Daniela PT Thomazella⁹  Gustavo Gilson Lacerda Costa⁷  Lyndel W Meinhardt³ 

[1] Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA;Department of Horticulture, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA;Sustainable Perennial Crops Lab, USDA/ARS, Bldg 001 Rm 223 Beltsville Agricultural Research Center-West, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA;Molecular Plant Pathology Lab, USDA/ARS, Bldg 004 Rm 119 Beltsville Agricultural Research Center West, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA;CABI Bioscience UK Centre, Egham, UK;Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Mary Ellen Jones, Room 921, 27599-3280 Chapel Hill, NC, USA;Centro Nacional de Processamento de Alto Desempenho em São Paulo, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, CP 6141, Campinas 13083-970, SP, Brazil;Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA;Laboratório de Genômica e Expressão, Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), CP 6109, Campinas 13083-970, SP, Brazil;National Center of Genomic Research, 2935 Rodeo Park Drive East Santa Fe, NM 87505 Santa Fe, USA

Others  :  1217832
DOI  :  10.1186/1471-2164-15-164

 received in 2013-09-29, accepted in 2014-02-14,  发布年份 2014

【 摘 要 】

Background

The basidiomycete Moniliophthora roreri is the causal agent of Frosty pod rot (FPR) disease of cacao (Theobroma cacao), the source of chocolate, and FPR is one of the most destructive diseases of this important perennial crop in the Americas. This hemibiotroph infects only cacao pods and has an extended biotrophic phase lasting up to sixty days, culminating in plant necrosis and sporulation of the fungus without the formation of a basidiocarp.

Results

We sequenced and assembled 52.3 Mb into 3,298 contigs that represent the M. roreri genome. Of the 17,920 predicted open reading frames (OFRs), 13,760 were validated by RNA-Seq. Using read count data from RNA sequencing of cacao pods at 30 and 60 days post infection, differential gene expression was estimated for the biotrophic and necrotrophic phases of this plant-pathogen interaction. The sequencing data were used to develop a genome based secretome for the infected pods. Of the 1,535 genes encoding putative secreted proteins, 1,355 were expressed in the biotrophic and necrotrophic phases. Analysis of the data revealed secretome gene expression that correlated with infection and intercellular growth in the biotrophic phase and invasive growth and plant cellular death in the necrotrophic phase.

Conclusions

Genome sequencing and RNA-Seq was used to determine and validate the Moniliophthora roreri genome and secretome. High sequence identity between Moniliophthora roreri genes and Moniliophthora perniciosa genes supports the taxonomic relationship with Moniliophthora perniciosa and the relatedness of this fungus to other basidiomycetes. Analysis of RNA-Seq data from infected plant tissues revealed differentially expressed genes in the biotrophic and necrotrophic phases. The secreted protein genes that were upregulated in the biotrophic phase are primarily associated with breakdown of the intercellular matrix and modification of the fungal mycelia, possibly to mask the fungus from plant defenses. Based on the transcriptome data, the upregulated secreted proteins in the necrotrophic phase are hypothesized to be actively attacking the plant cell walls and plant cellular components resulting in necrosis. These genes are being used to develop a new understanding of how this disease interaction progresses and to identify potential targets to reduce the impact of this devastating disease.

【 授权许可】

   
2014 Meinhardt et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

【 图 表 】

Figure 1.

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