Effects of demand-side financing on utilisation, experiences and outcomes of maternity care in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review

BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth

Debra Bick⁴  Tim Ensor¹  Ramila Bisht²  Benjamin M Hunter³  Susan F Murray³ 

[1] Nuffield Centre for International Health and Development, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK;Centre of Social Medicine and Community Health, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India;King’s International Development Institute, King’s College London, London, UK;Florence Nightingale School of Nursing and Midwifery, King’s College London, London, UK

关键词: Systematic review;    Qualitative;    Narrative synthesis;    Cash transfers;    Vouchers;    Maternal health;    Demand-side financing;   

Others  :  1131732
DOI  :  10.1186/1471-2393-14-30

 received in 2013-07-11, accepted in 2014-01-13,  发布年份 2014

【 摘 要 】

Background

Demand-side financing, where funds for specific services are channelled through, or to, prospective users, is now employed in health and education sectors in many low- and middle-income countries. This systematic review aimed to critically examine the evidence on application of this approach to promote maternal health in these settings. Five modes were considered: unconditional cash transfers, conditional cash transfers, short-term payments to offset costs of accessing maternity services, vouchers for maternity services, and vouchers for merit goods. We sought to assess the effects of these interventions on utilisation of maternity services and on maternal health outcomes and infant health, the situation of underprivileged women and the healthcare system.

Methods

The protocol aimed for collection and synthesis of a broad range of evidence from quantitative, qualitative and economic studies. Nineteen health and social policy databases, seven unpublished research databases and 27 websites were searched; with additional searches of Indian journals and websites. Studies were included if they examined demand-side financing interventions to increase consumption of services or goods intended to impact on maternal health, and met relevant quality criteria. Quality assessment, data extraction and analysis used Joanna Briggs Institute standardised tools and software. Outcomes of interest included maternal and infant mortality and morbidity, service utilisation, factors required for successful implementation, recipient and provider experiences, ethical issues, and cost-effectiveness. Findings on Effectiveness, Feasibility, Appropriateness and Meaningfulness were presented by narrative synthesis.

Results

Thirty-three quantitative studies, 46 qualitative studies, and four economic studies from 17 countries met the inclusion criteria. Evidence on unconditional cash transfers was scanty. Other demand-side financing modes were found to increase utilisation of maternal healthcare in the index pregnancy or uptake of related merit goods. Evidence of effects on maternal and infant mortality and morbidity outcomes was insufficient. Important implementation aspects include targeting and eligibility criteria, monitoring, respectful treatment of beneficiaries, suitable incentives for providers, quality of care and affordable referral systems.

Conclusions

Demand-side financing schemes can increase utilisation of maternity services, but attention must be paid to supply-side conditions, the fine-grain of implementation and sustainability. Comparative studies and research on health impact and cost-effectiveness are required.

【 授权许可】

   
2014 Murray et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

【 图 表 】

Figure 1.

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