Descriptive epidemiological study of food intake among Japanese adults: analyses by age, time and birth cohort model

BMC Public Health

Koji Tamakoshi²  Hiroshi Yatsuya¹  Rei Otsuka³ 

[1] Department of Public Health and Health Systems, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan;Department of Nursing, Nagoya University School of Health Sciences, Nagoya, Japan;Section of Longitudinal Study of Aging, National Institute for Longevity Sciences (NILS-LSA), National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 36-3 Gengo, Morioka-cho, Obu, Aichi, 474-8511, Japan

关键词: National survey;    Japan;    Diet;    Age effect;   

Others  :  1131595
DOI  :  10.1186/1471-2458-14-328

 received in 2013-08-08, accepted in 2014-04-02,  发布年份 2014

【 摘 要 】

Background

Although food and nutrient consumption among the Japanese population, known to have one of the longest life expectancies in the world, has changed markedly after World War II, little is known about the influences age, time and birth cohort have had. The present study examined the effects age, time and birth cohort have had on intake of 14 food groups from 1989 to 2009, using published data from the National Health and Nutrition Survey in Japan.

Methods

The survey included 575 adults (271 men and 304 women) in 1989, 8431 (3952 men and 4479 women) in 1999 and 5632 (2629 men and 3003 women) in 2009. The effects of age on energy-adjusted food intakes defined by gender and birth cohort (birth in 1930–1939, 1940–1949, 1950–1959, 1960–1969, 1970–1979) were estimated using the mean polish process.

Results

Intakes of meat and confectionary increased whereas those of milk and dairy products, sugar, and fats and oils decreased from 1989 to 2009. Both men and women in the 1940’s birth cohort consumed more fruit, although differences in food intake by birth cohort were less discernible. Furthermore, meat, fats and oils, and wheat intake decreased while fruits, fish, beans and vegetables consumption increased with aging in both men and women.

Conclusions

The present analysis suggests intakes of meat and confectionary have increased in Japan over the past 20 years regardless of age and generation. Also, younger individuals are less likely to consume fruits, fish, beans and vegetables regardless of the birth cohort and time period. Differences in food group consumption by birth cohorts born between 1930 and 1979 were not obvious. The first indication of these findings would be that in order to avoid ongoing increases in meat and confectionery intake, the public health strategy should target the whole Japanese population. Secondly, intervening with the diet of younger individuals, especially today, would be reasonable as it is unknown whether today’s younger individuals will adopt a healthier diet when they age as the other generations did.

【 授权许可】

   
2014 Otsuka et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

【 图 表 】

Figure 1.

【 参考文献 】

• [1]Mozaffarian D, Appel LJ, Van Horn L: Components of a cardioprotective diet: new insights. Circulation 2011, 123(24):2870-2891.
• [2]Yoshiike N, Matsumura Y, Yamaguchi M, Seino F, Kawano M, Inoue K, Furuhata T, Otani Y: Trends of average intake of macronutrients in 47 prefectures of Japan from 1975 to 1994–possible factors that may bias the trend data. J Epidemiol 1998, 8(3):160-167.
• [3]Yoshiike N, Matsumura Y, Iwaya M, Sugiyama M, Yamaguchi M: National Nutrition Survey in Japan. J Epidemiol 1996, 6(3 Suppl):S189-200.
• [4]National Institute of Health and Nutrition (Eds): Annual Report of the National Nutrition Survey in 2006. Tokyo, Japan: Daiichi Publishing Co; 2009:332-336.
• [5]Katanoda K, Matsumura Y: National Nutrition Survey in Japan–its methodological transition and current findings. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2002, 48(5):423-432.
• [6]National Institute of Health and Nutrition (Eds): Annual Report of the National Nutrition Survey in 1997. Tokyo, Japan: Daiichi Publishing Co; 1999:32.
• [7]Vellas BJ, Hunt WC, Romero LJ, Koehler KM, Baumgartner RN, Garry PJ: Changes in nutritional status and patterns of morbidity among free-living elderly persons: a 10-year longitudinal study. Nutrition 1997, 13(6):515-519.
• [8]Wakimoto P, Block G: Dietary intake, dietary patterns, and changes with age: an epidemiological perspective. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2001, 56 Spec No 2:65-80.
• [9]Morley JE: Decreased food intake with aging. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2001, 56 Spec No 2:81-88.
• [10]Stevens JC, Cain WS: Changes in taste and flavor in aging. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 1993, 33(1):27-37.
• [11]Weiffenbach JM, Baum BJ, Burghauser R: Taste thresholds: quality specific variation with human aging. J Gerontol 1982, 37(3):372-377.
• [12]Ikeda N, Saito E, Kondo N, Inoue M, Ikeda S, Satoh T, Wada K, Stickley A, Katanoda K, Mizoue T, Noda M, Iso H, Fujino Y, Sobue T, Tsugane S, Naghavi M, Ezzati M, Shibuya K: What has made the population of Japan healthy? Lancet 2011, 378(9796):1094-1105.
• [13]Nakamura T: The integration of school nutrition program into health promotion and prevention of lifestyle-related diseases in Japan. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2008, 17(1):349-351.
• [14]Elahi VK, Elahi D, Andres R, Tobin JD, Butler MG, Norris AH: A longitudinal study of nutritional intake in men. J Gerontol 1983, 38(2):162-180.
• [15]Selvin S: Statistical Analysis of Epidemiologic Data. 3rd edition. Oxford University Press; 2004.
• [16]Nakamura M, Tajima S, Yoshiike N: Nutrient intake in Japanese adults –from The National Nutrition Survey, 1995–99. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2002, 48(5):433-441.
• [17]National Institute of Health and Nutrition (Eds): In The National Health and Nutrition Survey in Japan. 1989. 1989_nns.xls. Sheet 0902(Men), Sheet 0902(Women). [http://www0.nih.go.jp/eiken/chosa/kokumin_eiyou/1989.html webcite] (in Japanese), Accessed on 11/04/2016
• [18]National Institute of Health and Nutrition (Eds): In The National Health and Nutrition Survey in Japan. 1999. 1989_nns.xls. Sheet 0602(Men), Sheet 0603(Women). [http://www0.nih.go.jp/eiken/chosa/kokumin_eiyou/1999.html webcite] (in Japanese), Accessed on 11/04/2016
• [19]National Institute of Health and Nutrition (Eds): In The National Health and Nutrition Survey in Japan. 2009. [http://www.mhlw.go.jp/bunya/kenkou/eiyou/dl/h21-houkoku-07.pdf webcite, page58-66.] (in Japanese), Accessed on 11/04/2016
• [20]Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology: Standard Tables of Food Composition in Japan 4th edition. Tokyo: Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan; 1982.
• [21]Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology: Standard Tables of Food Composition in Japan 5th Revised and Enlarged Edition. Tokyo: Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan; 2005.
• [22]National Institute of Health and Nutrition (Eds): Annual Report of the National Nutrition Survey in 2008. Tokyo, Japan: Daiichi Publishing Co; 2011:9.
• [23]Selvin S: Statistical Analysis of Epidemiologic Data. 2nd edition. New York: Oxford univ Press; 1996.
• [24]Turkey JW: Exploratory Data Analysis. Mass: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company Reading; 1977.
• [25]Garry PJ, Hunt WC, Koehler KM, VanderJagt DJ, Vellas BJ: Longitudinal study of dietary intakes and plasma lipids in healthy elderly men and women. Am J Clin Nutr 1992, 55(3):682-688.
• [26]Zhu K, Devine A, Suleska A, Tan CY, Toh CZ, Kerr D, Prince RL: Adequacy and change in nutrient and food intakes with aging in a seven-year cohort study in elderly women. J Nutr Health Aging 2010, 14(9):723-729.
• [27]Goran MI, Poehlman ET: Total energy expenditure and energy requirements in healthy elderly persons. Metabolism 1992, 41(7):744-753.
• [28]Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, and the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (Eds): In Dietary Guidelines for Japanese. 2000. [http://www1.mhlw.go.jp/houdou/1203/h0323-1_11.html webcite] (in Japanese), Accessed on 11/04/2016
• [29]Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (Eds): In Health Japan 21. 2013. [http://www.kenkounippon21.gr.jp/kenkounippon21/about/kakuron/index.html webcite] (in Japanese), Accessed on 11/04/2016
• [30]Udagawa K, Miyoshi M, Yoshiike N: Mid-term evaluation of "Health Japan 21": focus area for the nutrition and diet. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2008, 17(Suppl 2):445-452.
• [31]Menotti A, Kromhout D, Blackburn H, Fidanza F, Buzina R, Nissinen A: Food intake patterns and 25-year mortality from coronary heart disease: cross-cultural correlations in the Seven Countries Study. The Seven Countries Study Research Group. Eur J Epidemiol 1999, 15(6):507-515.
• [32]Prynne CJ, Paul AA, Mishra GD, Greenberg DC, Wadsworth ME: Changes in intake of key nutrients over 17 years during adult life of a British birth cohort. Br J Nutr 2005, 94(3):368-376.
• [33]Fernyhough LK, Horwath CC, Campbell AJ, Robertson MC, Busby WJ: Changes in dietary intake during a 6-year follow-up of an older population. Eur J Clin Nutr 1999, 53(3):216-225.
• [34]National Institute of Health and Nutrition (Eds): Annual Report of the National Nutrition Survey in 2008. Tokyo, Japan: Daiichi Publishing Co; 2011:323.
• [35]Kamphuis CB, Giskes K, de Bruijn GJ, Wendel-Vos W, Brug J, Van Lenthe FJ: Environmental determinants of fruit and vegetable consumption among adults: a systematic review. Br J Nutr 2006, 96(4):620-635.
• [36]Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (Eds): In National Population Census, Percentage of unmarried people by sex and age groups. [http://www.stat.go.jp/data/kokusei/2010/kouhou/useful/u14.htm webcite] (in Japanese), Accessed on 11/04/2016
• [37]Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (Eds): In Average savings by sex and age groups. [http://www.stat.go.jp/data/zensho/2004/tansin/gaiyo10.htm webcite] (in Japanese), Accessed on 11/04/2016
• [38]Funatogawa I, Funatogawa T, Nakao M, Karita K, Yano E: Changes in body mass index by birth cohort in Japanese adults: results from the National Nutrition Survey of Japan 1956–2005. Int J Epidemiol 2009, 38(1):83-92.
• [39]Tamakoshi K, Kondo T, Yatsuya H, Hori Y, Kikkawa F, Toyoshima H: Trends in the mortality (1950–1997) and incidence (1975–1993) of malignant ovarian neoplasm among Japanese women: analyses by age, time, and birth cohort. Gynecol Oncol 2001, 83(1):64-71.
• [40]Seino T, Nakadaira H, Endoh K, Yamamoto M: Changes in pancreatic cancer mortality, period patterns, and birth cohort patterns in Japan: analysis of mortality data in the period 1968–2002. Environ Health Prev Med 2008, 13(4):234-242.
• [41]Minami Y, Tsubono Y, Nishino Y, Ohuchi N, Shibuya D, Hisamichi S: The increase of female breast cancer incidence in Japan: emergence of birth cohort effect. Int J Cancer 2004, 108(6):901-906.
• [42]Moreno LA, Sarria A, Popkin BM: The nutrition transition in Spain: a European Mediterranean country. Eur J Clin Nutr 2002, 56(10):992-1003.
• [43]Kim S, Moon S, Popkin BM: The nutrition transition in South Korea. Am J Clin Nutr 2000, 71(1):44-53.
• [44]Misra A, Singhal N, Sivakumar B, Bhagat N, Jaiswal A, Khurana L: Nutrition transition in India: secular trends in dietary intake and their relationship to diet-related non-communicable diseases. J Diabetes 2011, 3(4):278-292.
• [45]Golzarand M, Mirmiran P, Jessri M, Toolabi K, Mojarrad M, Azizi F: Dietary trends in the Middle East and North Africa: an ecological study (1961 to 2007). Public Health Nutr 2012, 15(10):1835-1844.