Mantle margin morphogenesis in Nodipecten nodosus (Mollusca: Bivalvia): new insights into the development and the roles of bivalve pallial folds

BMC Developmental Biology

Sônia G. B. C. Lopes²  Andreas Wanninger¹  José Eduardo A. R. Marian²  Jorge A. Audino² 

[1]Department of Integrative Zoology, University of Vienna, UZA1 Althanstraße 14, Vienna, 1090, Austria

[2]Department of Zoology, University of São Paulo, Rua do Matão, Travessa 14, n. 101, São Paulo, 05508-090, SP, Brazil

关键词: Periostracal groove;    Pectinidae;    Ontogeny;    Larvae;    Integrative microscopy;   

Others  :  1209035
DOI  :  10.1186/s12861-015-0074-9

 received in 2015-01-12, accepted in 2015-05-20,  发布年份 2015

【 摘 要 】

Background

Despite extensive knowledge on bivalve anatomy and development, the formation and differentiation of the mantle margin and its associated organs remain largely unclear. Bivalves from the family Pectinidae (scallops) are particularly promising to cast some light on these issues, because they exhibit a complex mantle margin and their developmental stages are easily obtained from scallop farms. We investigated the mantle margin of the scallop Nodipecten nodosus (L. 1758) during larval and postmetamorphic development.

Methods

A thorough analysis of the mantle margin development in Nodipecten nodosus, from veliger larvae to mature adults, was conducted by means of integrative microscopy techniques, i.e., light, electron, and confocal microscopy.

Results

Initially unfolded, the pallial margin is divided into distal and proximal regions by the periostracum-forming zone. The emergence of the pallial musculature and its neural innervation are crucial steps during bivalve larval development. By the late pediveliger stage, the margin becomes folded, resulting in a bilobed condition (i.e., outer and inner folds), a periostracal groove, and the development of different types of cilia. After metamorphosis, a second outgrowth process is responsible for emergence of the middle mantle fold from the outer surface of the inner fold. Once the three-folded condition is established, the general adult features are rapidly formed.

Conclusions

Our data show that the middle mantle fold forms from the outer surface of the inner fold after metamorphosis and that the initial unfolded mantle margin may represent a common condition among bivalves. The first outgrowth process, which gives rise to the outer and inner folds, and the emergence of the pallial musculature and innervation occur during larval stages, highlighting the importance of the larval period for mantle margin morphogenesis in Bivalvia.

【 授权许可】

   
2015 Audino et al.; licensee BioMed Central.

【 图 表 】

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