The compact mitochondrial genome of Zorotypus medoensis provides insights into phylogenetic position of Zoraptera

BMC Genomics

Chunxiang Liu³  Le Kang²  Chao Wu¹  Yeying Wang¹  Chuan Ma² 

[1] State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;Laboratory of Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China

关键词: Substitution rate;    tRNA truncation;    Gene length reduction;    Long-branch attraction;    Embioptera;    Polyneoptera;   

Others  :  1122583
DOI  :  10.1186/1471-2164-15-1156

 received in 2014-05-16, accepted in 2014-12-12,  发布年份 2014

【 摘 要 】

Background

Zoraptera, generally regarded as a member of Polyneoptera, represents one of the most enigmatic insect orders. Although phylogenetic analyses based on a wide array of morphological and/or nuclear data have been performed, the position of Zoraptera is still under debate. Mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) information is commonly considered to be preferable to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships, but no efforts have been made to incorporate it in Zorapteran phylogeny. To characterize Zoraptera mitogenome features and provide insights into its phylogenetic placement, here we sequenced, for the first time, one complete mitogenome of Zoraptera and reconstructed the phylogeny of Polyneoptera.

Results

The mitogenome of Zorotypus medoensis with an A + T content of 72.50% is composed of 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes, and a noncoding A + T-rich region. The gene content and arrangement are identical to those considered ancestral for insects. This mitogenome shows a number of very unusual features. First, it is very compact, comprising 14,572 bp, and is the smallest among all known polyneopteran mitogenomes. Second, both noncoding sequences and coding genes exhibit a significant decrease in size compared with those of other polyneopterans. Third, Z. medoensis mitogenome has experienced an accelerated substitution rate. Fourth, truncated secondary structures of tRNA genes occur with loss of dihydrouridine (DHU) arm in trnC, trnR, and trnS(AGN) and loss of TΨC arm in trnH and trnT. The phylogenetic analyses based on the mitogenome sequence information indicate that Zoraptera, represented by Z. medoensis, is recovered as sister to Embioptera. However, both Zoraptera and Embioptera exhibit very long branches in phylogenetic trees.

Conclusions

Characterization of Z. medoensis mitogenome contributes to our understanding of the enigmatic Zoraptera. Mitogenome data demonstrate an overall strong resolution of deep-level phylogenies of Polyneoptera but not Insecta. It is preferable to expand taxon sampling of Zoraptera and other poorly represented orders in future to break up long branches.

【 授权许可】

   
2014 Ma et al.; licensee BioMed Central.

【 图 表 】

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