The incidence of experimental smoking in school children: an 8-year follow-up of the child and adolescent behaviors in long-term evolution (CABLE) study

BMC Public Health

Lee-Lan Yen¹  Baai-Shyun Hurng²  Jennifer Y Cheng⁴  Chi-Chen Wu⁴  Wen-Chi Wu³  Hsing-Yi Chang⁴ 

[1] Institute of Health Policy and Management, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University. Rm. 623, No. 17, Xu-Zhou Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan, ROC;Center for Population and Health Survey Research, Bureau of Health Promotion, Department of Health, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC;School of Health Care Management, Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Kainan University, Taiwan, ROC;Division of Preventive Medicine and Health Service Research, Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County, Taiwan, ROC

关键词: socioeconomic factors;    epidemiological factors;    adolescent behavior;    cigarette smoking;   

Others  :  1164092
DOI  :  10.1186/1471-2458-11-844

 received in 2011-06-23, accepted in 2011-11-03,  发布年份 2011

【 摘 要 】

Background

Studies have established that most regular adult smokers become addicted in their adolescent years. We investigated the incidence of and risk factors associated with initial experimental smoking among a group of school children who were followed for 8 years.

Methods

We used cohort data collected as part of the Child and Adolescent Behaviors in Long-term Evolution (CABLE) study, which selected nine elementary schools each from an urban area (Taipei City) and a rural area (Hsingchu county) in northern Taiwan. From 2002 to 2008, children were asked annually whether they had smoked in the previous year. An accelerated lifetime model with Weibull distribution was used to examine the factors associated with experimental smoking.

Results

In 2001, 2686 4^th-graders participated in the study. For each year from 2002 to 2008, their incidences of trial smoking were 3.1%, 4.0%, 2.8%, 6.0%, 5.3%, 5.0% and 6.0%, respectively. There was an increase from 7^th to 8^th grade (6.0%). Children who were males, lived in rural areas, came from single-parent families, had parents who smoked, and had peers who smoked were more likely to try smoking earlier. The influence of parents and peers on experimental smoking demonstrated gradient effects.

Conclusions

This study used a cohort to examine incidence and multiple influences, including individual factors, familial factors, and community factors, on experimental smoking in adolescents. The findings fit the social ecological model, highlighting the influences of family and friends. School and community attachment were associated with experimental smoking in teenagers.

【 授权许可】

   
2011 Chang et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

【 图 表 】

Figure 1.

Figure 2.

【 参考文献 】

• [1]Lawlor DA, Song YM, Sung J, Ebrahim S, Smith GD: The association of smoking and cardiovascular disease in a population with low cholesterol levels: a study of 648,346 men from the Korean national health system prospective cohort study. Stroke 2008, 39(3):760-767.
• [2]Willigendael EM, Teijink JA, Bartelink ML, Kuiken BW, Boiten J, Moll FL, Buller HR, Prins MH: Influence of smoking on incidence and prevalence of peripheral arterial disease. J Vasc Surg 2004, 40(6):1158-1165.
• [3]Ezzati M, Henley SJ, Lopez AD, Thun MJ: Role of smoking in global and regional cancer epidemiology: current patterns and data needs. Int J Cancer 2005, 116(6):963-971.
• [4]Leistikow BN, Martin DC, Jacobs J, Rocke DM, Noderer K: Smoking as a risk factor for accident death: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. Accid Anal Prev 2000, 32(3):397-405.
• [5]Cheng Y, Jin Y, Gu H, Zhao C: [Prevalence survey of smoking pattern among peasants in China]. Wei Sheng Yan Jiu 2003, 32(4):366-368. 406
• [6]Karp I, O'Louglin J, Paradis G, Hanley J, Difranza J: Smoking trajectories of adolescent novice smokers in a longitudinal study of tobacco use. Annual Epidemiology 2005, 15:445-452.
• [7]Kelder S, Perry C, Klepp K-I, Lytle L: Longitudinal Tracking of Adolescent Smoking, Physical Activity, and Food Choice Behaviors. American journal of public health 1994, 84(7):1121-1126.
• [8]Park S, Weaver TE, Romer D: Predictors of the transition from experimental to daily smoking among adolescents in the United States. J Spec Pediatr Nurs 2009, 14(2):102-111.
• [9]Simons-Morton B, Crump A, Haynie D, Saylor K, Eitel P, Yu K: Psychosocial, school, and parent factors associated with recent smoking among early-adolescent boys and girls. Preventive medicine 1999, 28(2):138-148.
• [10]King G, Flisher A, Mallet R, Graham J, Lombard C, Rawson T, Morojele N, Muller M: Smoking in Cape Town: Community Influences on Adolescent Tobacco Use. Preventive medicine 2003, 36:114-123.
• [11]Tobacco use among youth: a cross country comparison Tobacco control 2002, 11(3):252-270.
• [12]Wu WC, Chang HY, Yen LL, Lee TS: Changes in health risk behaviors of elementary school students in northern Taiwan from 2001 to 2003: results from the child and adolescent behaviors in long-term evolution study. BMC public health 2007, 7:323. BioMed Central Full Text
• [13]Yen LL, Chen L, Lee SH, Hsiao C, Pan LY: Child and adolescent behaviour in long-term evolution (CABLE): a school-based health lifestyle study. Promotion & education 2002, (Suppl 1):33-40.
• [14]Chen PL, Chiou HY, Chen YH: Chinese version of the Global Youth Tobacco Survey: cross-cultural instrument adaptation. BMC public health 2008, 8:144. BioMed Central Full Text
• [15]Faulstich ME, Carey MP, Ruggiero L, Enyart P, Gresham F: Assessment of depression in childhood and adolescence: an evaluation of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale for Children (CES-DC). The American journal of psychiatry 1986, 143(8):1024-1027.
• [16]Streiner DL, Norman GR: Health Measurement Scales: A Practical Guide to Their Development and Use. New York: Oxford University Press, Inc.; 2003.
• [17]Tafarodi RW, Swann WB Jr: Self-linking and self-competence as dimensions of global self-esteem: initial validation of a measure. Journal of personality assessment 1995, 65(2):322-342.
• [18]Song H, Thompson RA, Ferrer E: Attachment and self-evaluation in Chinese adolescents: age and gender differences. Journal of adolescence 2009, 32(5):1267-1286.
• [19]Wu WC, Kao CH, Yen LL, Lee TS: Comparison of children's self-reports of depressive symptoms among different family interaction types in northern Taiwan. BMC public health 2007, 7:116. BioMed Central Full Text
• [20]Cole DA, Rehm LP: Family interaction patterns and childhood depression. Journal of abnormal child psychology 1986, 14(2):297-314.
• [21]Seguin M, Manion I, Cloutier P, McEvoy L, Cappelli M: Adolescent depression, family psychopathology and parent/child relations: a case control study. The Canadian child and adolescent psychiatry review = La revue canadienne de psychiatrie de l'enfant et de l'adolescent 2003, 12(1):2-9.
• [22]Lee ET: Statistical Methods for Survival Data Analysis. New York: Wiley-Interscience Publication; 2003.
• [23]Tyas SL, Pederson LL: Psychosocial factors related to adolescent smoking: a critical review of the literature. Tobacco control 1998, 7:409-420.
• [24]Chen KT, Chen CJ, Fagot-Campagna A, Narayan KM: Tobacco, betel quid, alcohol, and illicit drug use among 13- to 35-year-olds in I-Lan, rural Taiwan: prevalence and risk factors. American journal of public health 2001, 91(7):1130-1134.
• [25]Hsu CC, Levy DT, Wen CP, Cheng TY, Tsai SP, Chen T, Eriksen MP, Shu CC: The effect of the market opening on trends in smoking rates in Taiwan. Health policy (Amsterdam, Netherlands) 2005, 74(1):69-76.
• [26]Wen CP, Levy DT, Cheng TY, Hsu CC, Tsai SP: Smoking behaviour in Taiwan, 2001. Tobacco control 2005, 14(Suppl 1):i51-55.
• [27]Lin PL, Tzeng LC, Lu KY, Hsu HM: Factors related to tobacco use among adolescents in southern Taiwan. J Nurs Res 2008, 16(4):243-251.
• [28]Griesbach D, Amos A, Currie C: Adolescent smoking and family structure in Europe. Social Science & Medicine 2003, 56:41-52.
• [29]Covey L, Tam D: Depressive Mood, the Single-Parent Home, and Adolescent Cigarette Smoking. American journal of public health 1990, 80(11):1330-1333.
• [30]Wang MP, Ho SY, Lam TH: Parental Smoking, Exposure to Secondhand Smoke at Home, and Smoking Initiation Among Young Children. Nicotine Tob Res 2011.
• [31]Distefan J, Gilpin E, Choi W, Pierce J: Parental Influences Predict Adolescent Smoking in the United States, 1989-1993. Journal of Adolescent Health 1998, 22:466-474.
• [32]Chen X, Stanton B, Fang X, Li X, Lin D, Zhang J, Liu H, Yang H: Perceived smoking norms, socio- environmental factors, personal attitudes and adolescent smoking in China: a mediation analysis with longitudinal data. Journal of Adolescent Health 2006, 38(4):359-368.
• [33]Kobus K: Peers and adolescent smoking. Addiction (Abingdon, England) 2003, 98(Suppl 1):37-55.
• [34]Alexander C, Piazza M, Mekos D, Valente T: Peers, schools, and adolescent cigarette smoking. Journal of Adolescent Health 2001, 29:22-30.