All-Wales licensed premises intervention (AWLPI): a randomised controlled trial to reduce alcohol-related violence

BMC Public Health

Jonathan Shepherd²  Anne Williams³  Irena Spasic⁴  Vaseekaran Sivarajasingam²  Rebecca Playle²  Simon Murphy³  Laurence Moore¹  Chao Huang⁵  Kerenza Hood⁵  David Cohen⁶  Mohammed Fasihul Alam⁶  Claire O’Brien²  Simon C Moore² 

[1]MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, 4 Lilybank Gardens, Glasgow G12 8RZ, UK

[2]Violence & Society Research Group, School of Dentistry, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XY, UK

[3]DECIPHer, Cardiff School of Social Sciences, Cardiff University, 1-3 Museum Place, Cardiff CF10 3BD, UK

[4]School of Computer Science, Cardiff University, Queen’s Buildings, 5 The Parade, Cardiff CF24 3AA, UK

[5]South East Wales Trials Unit, Institute of Translation, Innovation, Methodology and Engagement, Cardiff University, Neuadd Meirionnydd, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4YS, UK

[6]Faculty of Life, Science and Education, University of South Wales, Pontypridd, CF37 1DL, UK

关键词: Health and safety;    Night time economy;    Licensed premises;    Violence;    Alcohol;   

Others  :  1161362
DOI  :  10.1186/1471-2458-14-21

 received in 2013-11-25, accepted in 2013-12-18,  发布年份 2014

【 摘 要 】

Background

Alcohol-related violence in and in the vicinity of licensed premises continues to place a considerable burden on the United Kingdom’s (UK) health services. Robust interventions targeted at licensed premises are therefore required to reduce the costs of alcohol-related harm. Previous evaluations of interventions in licensed premises have a number of methodological limitations and none have been conducted in the UK. The aim of the trial was to determine the effectiveness of the Safety Management in Licensed Environments intervention designed to reduce alcohol-related violence in licensed premises, delivered by Environmental Health Officers, under their statutory authority to intervene in cases of violence in the workplace.

Methods/Design

A national randomised controlled trial, with licensed premises as the unit of allocation. Premises were identified from all 22 Local Authorities in Wales. Eligible premises were those with identifiable violent incidents on premises, using police recorded violence data. Premises were allocated to intervention or control by optimally balancing by Environmental Health Officer capacity in each Local Authority, number of violent incidents in the 12 months leading up to the start of the project and opening hours. The primary outcome measure is the difference in frequency of violence between intervention and control premises over a 12 month follow-up period, based on a recurrent event model. The trial incorporates an embedded process evaluation to assess intervention implementation, fidelity, reach and reception, and to interpret outcome effects, as well as investigate its economic impact.

Discussion

The results of the trial will be applicable to all statutory authorities directly involved with managing violence in the night time economy and will provide the first formal test of Health and Safety policy in this environment. If successful, opportunities for replication and generalisation will be considered.

Trial registration

UKCRN 14077; ISRCTN78924818.

【 授权许可】

   
2014 Moore et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

【 图 表 】

Figure 1.

【 参考文献 】

• [1]Sivarajasingam V, Shepherd JP, Matthews K, Jones S: Violence-related injury data in England and Wales an alternative data source on violence. Brit J Criminol 2003, 43:223-227.
• [2]Institute of Alcohol Studies: The impact of alcohol on the NHS. St Ives, Cambs: Institute of Alcohol Studies; 2007.
• [3]Brennan I, Moore SC, Shepherd JP: Risk factors for violent victimisation and injury from Six years of the british crime survey. Int Rev Vict 2010, 17(2):209-229.
• [4]Brennan I, Moore SC, Byrne E, Murphy S: Interventions for disorder and severe intoxication in and around licensed premises 1989–2009. Addiction 2011, 106(4):706-713.
• [5]Brantingham PL, Brantingham PJ: Mobility, notoriety and crime: a study of crime patterns in urban nodal points. J Environ Syst 1982, 11:89-99.
• [6]World Health Organization: Global status report on alcohol 2004. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2004.
• [7]Graham K, Homel R: Raising the bar: preventing aggression in and around bars, clubs and pubs. UK: Willan Publishing; 2008.
• [8]Mulvihill C, Taylor L, Waller S, Naidoo B, Thom B: Prevention and reduction of alcohol misuse: evidence briefing. 2nd edition. London: NHS Health Development Agency; 2005.
• [9]Bellis M, Hughes K, Hughs S: WHO Policy Briefing: Interpersonal Violence and Alcohol. Liverpool: Centre for Public Health, Liverpool John Moores University; 2006.
• [10]Brain T: Police Funding (England & Wales) 2011–12. Universities Police Science Institute; 2011. http://www.openeyecommunications.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/UPSI-Police-Briefing-Paper-No-1-12-Aug-11.pdf webcite, archived at http://www.webcitation.org/6MS61nCQ9 webcite
• [11]Ker K, Chinnock P: Interventions in the alcohol server setting for preventing injuries. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006, 2:CD005244.
• [12]Moore S, Shepherd J, Perham N, Cusens B: The prevalence of alcohol intoxication in the night-time economy. Alcohol Alcohol 2007, 42(6):629-634.
• [13]Perham N, Moore SC, Shepherd JP, Cusens B: Identifying drunkenness in the night-time economy. Addiction 2007, 102(3):377-380.
• [14]Moore SC, Brennan I, Murphy S, Byrne E, Moore SN, Shepherd JP, Moore L: The reduction of intoxication and disorder in premises licensed to serve alcohol: an exploratory randomised controlled trial. BMC Public Health 2010, 10(1):607. BioMed Central Full Text
• [15]Moore SC, Brennan I, Murphy S: Predicting and measuring premises-level harm in the night-time economy. Alcohol Alcohol 2011, 43(3):357-363.
• [16]Murphy S, Brennan I, Byrne E, Moore SC: A view from the bar: Bar manager and serving staff perspectives on harm reduction in UK licensed premises. [preparation] http://www.vrg.cf.ac.uk/Files/LPI/barstaff_draft.pdf webcite, archived at http://www.webcitation.org/6MS69ogQd webcite
• [17]Green J, Plant MA: Bad bars: a review of risk factors. J Subst Abuse 2007, 12(3):157-189.
• [18]Health and Safety Executive. website [http://www.hse.gov.uk/research/rrpdf/rr734.pdf webcite, archived at http://www.webcitation.org/6L30ylPCc webcite]
• [19]Moore SC, Murphy S, Moore SN, Brennan I, Byrne E, Shepherd JP, Moore L: An exploratory randomised controlled trial of a premises-level intervention to reduce alcohol related harm including violence in the United Kingdom. BMC Public Health 2012, 12(1):412. BioMed Central Full Text
• [20]Carter B, Hood K: Balance algorithm for cluster randomized trials. BMC Med Res Methodol 2008, 8(1):65. BioMed Central Full Text
• [21]Moore SC, Perham N, Shepherd JP: A Multi-Agency Community-Based Intervention to Reduce Excessive Drinking in Cardiff City Centre. Cardiff: Cardiff University; 2006.
• [22]Graham K, Osgood DW, Zibrowski E, Purcell J, Gliksman L, Leonard K, Pernanen K, Saltz RF, Toomey TL: The effect of the Safer Bars programme on physical aggression in bars: results of a randomized controlled trial. Drug Alcohol Rev 2004, 23(1):31-41.
• [23]Toomey TL, Wagenaar AC, Gehan JP, Kilian G, Murray DM, Perry CL: Project ARM: alcohol risk management to prevent sales to underage and intoxicated patrons. Health Educ Behav 2001, 28(2):186-199.
• [24]SMILE project. website [http://www.smileproject.co.uk webcite, archived at http://www.webcitation.org/6DWjLdOXQ webcite]
• [25]Pawson R, Tilley N: Realistic Evaluation. London: Sage; 1997.
• [26]Cook RJ, Lawless JF: The Statistical Analysis of Recurrent Events. New York: Springer; 2007.
• [27]Drummond MF, Sculpher MJ, Torrance GW, O'Brien BJ, Stoddart GL: Methods for the Economic Evaluation of Health Care Programmes. 3rd edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2005.
• [28]Efron RD, Tibshirani R: An introduction to the bootstrap. New York: Chapman and Hall; 1993.
• [29]Moore SC: The value of reducing fear: an analysis using the European social survey. Appl Econ 2006, 38(1):115-117.