Psychological violence against pregnant women in a prenatal care cohort: rates and associated factors in São Luís, Brazil

BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth

Marco Antônio Barbieri¹  Heloisa Bettiol¹  Danielle Cristina Silva Costa⁷  Nilzângela Lima Medeiros⁴  Lilia Blima Schraiber³  Lourdes Maria Leitão Nunes de Rocha⁶  Rosângela Fernandes Lucena Batista²  Maria Teresa Seabra Soares de Britto e Alves²  Antônio Augusto Moura da Silva²  Marizélia Rodrigues Costa Ribeiro⁵ 

[1] Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil;Department of Public Health, Federal University of Maranhão, Sao Luis, Brazil;Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil;Postgraduation Program in Collective Health, Federal University of Maranhão, Sao Luis, Brazil;Department of Medicine III, Federal University of Maranhão, Sao Luis, Brazil;Department of Social Service, Federal University of Maranhão, Sao Luis, Brazil;Medical student, Federal University of Maranhão, Sao Luis, Brazil

关键词: Domestic violence;    Violence against women;    Pregnant women;    Gender and health;    Prenatal care;   

Others  :  1127640
DOI  :  10.1186/1471-2393-14-66

 received in 2013-07-25, accepted in 2014-02-04,  发布年份 2014

【 摘 要 】

Background

Violence against pregnant women has been associated with gestational and perinatal disorders. Psychological violence is the type least investigated and its associated factors have been little studied. The present study was conducted in order to estimate prevalence rates and analyze the factors associated with exclusive and recurrent psychological violence in the municipality of São Luís, Brazil.

Methods

Data regarding 982 pregnant women, aged from 14 to 45 years, interviewed in 2010 and 2011 in a prenatal cohort were used. A self-applied questionnaire was used to screen for violence. Pregnant women submitted to physical and sexual violence were excluded from the analysis of factors associated with exclusive psychological violence. Prevalence ratios and 95% confidence intervals were estimated by a Poisson regression model with a hierarchical approach at three levels. At level 1 of the theoretical-conceptual model, we analyzed demographic and socioeconomic characteristics and variables that express gender inequalities; at level 2, we analyzed social support received by the women, and at level 3, the life experiences of the pregnant women.

Results

Prevalence rate of exclusive psychological violence was 41.6% and of recurrent violence was 32.6%. Exclusive psychological violence was associated with pregnant women’s age of 14 to 18 years (PR: 1.32 95% CI: 1.04 – 1.70), pregnant women’s schooling superior to that of her intimate partner (PR: 1.54 95% CI: 1.09 – 2.16), inadequate social affective support/positive social interaction (PR: 1.34 95% CI: 1.11 – 1.62), use of illicit drugs by the pregnant women (PR: 1.80 95% CI: 1.16 – 2.81) and having had six or more intimate partners in life (PR: 1.52 95% CI: 1.18 – 1.96). Recurrent exclusive psychological violence was associated with inadequate social affective support/positive social interaction (PR: 1.47 95% CI: 1.15 – 1.87), use of illicit drugs by the pregnant women (PR: 2,28 95% CI: 1,40 - 3,71) and having had six or more intimate partners in life (PR: 1.47 95% CI: 1.06 – 2.03).

Conclusions

Psychological violence was a common phenomenon in this population of pregnant women that was associated with gender inequalities, inadequate social support and illicit drug use and should be routinely investigated during prenatal visits at health care services.

【 授权许可】

   
2014 Ribeiro et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

【 图 表 】

Figure 1.

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