A multi-gene phylogeny of Cephalopoda supports convergent morphological evolution in association with multiple habitat shifts in the marine environment

BMC Evolutionary Biology

Todd H Oakley¹  Frederick G Hochberg³  Molly S Pankey¹  Annie R Lindgren² 

[1] Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA;Present Address: Department of Biology, Portland State University, PO Box 751, Portland, OR 97207, USA;Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, 2559 Puesta del Sol Rd, Santa Barbara, CA, 93105, USA

关键词: Phylogeny;    Morphology;    Correlated traits;    Convergent evolution;    Cephalopoda;   

Others  :  1140669
DOI  :  10.1186/1471-2148-12-129

 received in 2012-03-21, accepted in 2012-07-05,  发布年份 2012

【 摘 要 】

Background

The marine environment is comprised of numerous divergent organisms living under similar selective pressures, often resulting in the evolution of convergent structures such as the fusiform body shape of pelagic squids, fishes, and some marine mammals. However, little is known about the frequency of, and circumstances leading to, convergent evolution in the open ocean. Here, we present a comparative study of the molluscan class Cephalopoda, a marine group known to occupy habitats from the intertidal to the deep sea. Several lineages bear features that may coincide with a benthic or pelagic existence, making this a valuable group for testing hypotheses of correlated evolution. To test for convergence and correlation, we generate the most taxonomically comprehensive multi-gene phylogeny of cephalopods to date. We then create a character matrix of habitat type and morphological characters, which we use to infer ancestral character states and test for correlation between habitat and morphology.

Results

Our study utilizes a taxonomically well-sampled phylogeny to show convergent evolution in all six morphological characters we analyzed. Three of these characters also correlate with habitat. The presence of an autogenic photophore (those relying upon autonomous enzymatic light reactions) is correlated with a pelagic habitat, while the cornea and accessory nidamental gland correlate with a benthic lifestyle. Here, we present the first statistical tests for correlation between convergent traits and habitat in cephalopods to better understand the evolutionary history of characters that are adaptive in benthic or pelagic environments, respectively.

Discussion

Our study supports the hypothesis that habitat has influenced convergent evolution in the marine environment: benthic organisms tend to exhibit similar characteristics that confer protection from invasion by other benthic taxa, while pelagic organisms possess features that facilitate crypsis and communication in an environment lacking physical refuges. Features that have originated multiple times in distantly related lineages are likely adaptive for the organisms inhabiting a particular environment: studying the frequency and evolutionary history of such convergent characters can increase understanding of the underlying forces driving ecological and evolutionary transitions in the marine environment.

【 授权许可】

   
2012 Lindgren et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

【 图 表 】

Figure 1.

Figure 2.

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