The ongoing impacts of hepatitis c - a systematic narrative review of the literature

BMC Public Health

Marisa Schlichthorst²  Jack Wallace¹  Stephen McNally¹  Emma R Miller³ 

[1] Australian Research Centre in Sex, Health & Society, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia;School of Population Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia;Discipline of General Practice, School of Population Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, South Australia

关键词: Social impact;    Health outcome;    Hepatitis C;   

Others  :  1163256
DOI  :  10.1186/1471-2458-12-672

 received in 2012-01-20, accepted in 2012-08-13,  发布年份 2012

【 摘 要 】

Background

Many countries have developed, or are developing, national strategies aimed at reducing the harms associated with hepatitis C infection. Making these strategies relevant to the vast majority of those affected by hepatitis C requires a more complete understanding of the short and longer term impacts of infection. We used a systematic approach to scope the literature to determine what is currently known about the health and psychosocial impacts of hepatitis C along the trajectory from exposure to ongoing chronic infection, and to identify what knowledge gaps remain.

Methods

PubMed, Current Contents and PsychINFO databases were searched for primary studies published in the ten years from 2000–2009 inclusive. Two searches were conducted for studies on hepatitis C in adult persons focusing on: outcomes over time (primarily cohort and other prospective designs); and the personal and psychosocial impacts of chronic infection. All retrieved studies were assessed for eligibility according to specific inclusion/exclusion criteria, data completeness and methodological coherence. Outcomes reported in 264 included studies were summarized, tabulated and synthesized.

Results

Injecting drug use (IDU) was a major risk for transmission with seroconversion occurring relatively early in injecting careers. Persistent hepatitis C viraemia, increasing age and excessive alcohol consumption independently predicted disease progression. While interferon based therapies reduced quality of life during treatment, improvements on baseline quality of life was achieved post treatment – particularly when sustained viral response was achieved. Much of the negative social impact of chronic infection was due to the association of infection with IDU and inflated assessments of transmission risks. Perceived discrimination was commonly reported in health care settings, potentially impeding health care access. Perceptions of stigma and experiences of discrimination also had direct negative impacts on wellbeing and social functioning.

Conclusions

Hepatitis C and its management continue to have profound and ongoing impacts on health and social well being. Biomedical studies provided prospective information on clinical aspects of infection, while the broader social and psychological studies presented comprehensive information on seminal experiences (such as diagnosis and disclosure). Increasing the focus on combined methodological approaches could enhance understanding about the health and social impacts of hepatitis C along the life course.

【 授权许可】

   
2012 Miller et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

【 图 表 】

Figure 1.

Figure 2.

【 参考文献 】

• [1]Lavanchy D: Evolving epidemiology of hepatitis C virus. Clin Microbial Infect 2011, 17:107-115.
• [2]Dore GJ, MacDonald M, Law MG, Kaldor JM: Epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection in Australia, Chapter 1 in Hepatitis C: an update. Aust Fam Physician 2003, 32:2-5. Special feature
• [3]Canberra: Department of Health and Ageing: Commonwealth of Australia: National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System [on line database].  . http://www9.health.gov.au/cda/Source/CDA-index.cfm webcite
• [4]Geneva: WHO: World Health Organization: Hepatitis C - Fact sheet N°164.. 2012. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs164/en/ webcite
• [5]Batey RG: Chronic Hepatitis C, Chapter 4 in Hepatitis C an update. Aust Fam Physician 2003, 32:15-20. Special feature
• [6]Eyre N, Beard M: HCV virology. In Hepatitis C: an expanding perspective. Edited by Dore G, Temple-Smith M, Lloyd A. IP Communications, Melbourne; 2009:3-26.
• [7]Farrell GC: Hepatitis C, other liver disorders, and liver health. MacLennan and Petty, NSW; 2002.
• [8]McNally S, Temple-Smith M, Sievert W, Pitts MK: Now, later or never? Challenges associated with hepatitis treatment. Aust N Z J Public Health 2006, 30:422-427.
• [9]National Centre for HIV Epidemiological and Clinical Research: HIV, viral hepatitis and sexually transmissible infections in Australia Annual Surveillance Report 2010. National Centre in HIV Epidemiology and Clinical Research, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW; 2010.
• [10]Flamm SL: Chronic hepatitis C virus infection. J Am Med Assoc 2003, 289:2413-2417.
• [11]Su J, Brook RA, Kleinman NL, Corey-Lisle P: The impact of hepatitis C virus infection on work absence, productivity, and healthcare benefit costs. Hepatology 2010, 52:436-442.
• [12]Anti-Discrimination Board of New South Wales: C-change: the report of the enquiry into hepatitis C related discrimination. Anti-Discrimination Board of New South Wales, Sydney; 2001.
• [13]O'Brien AP, Cross WM, Higgs P, Munro I, Bloomer MJ, Chou KR: Australians living with and managing hepatitis C. Issues Ment Health Nurs 2010, 31:520-524.
• [14]Waller L: Living with hepatitis C: from self-loathing to advocacy. Medical Journal of Australia 2004, 180:293-294.
• [15]Stanton AL, Revenson TA, Tennen H: Health psychological adjustment to chronic disease. Annu Rev Psychol 2007, 58:565-592.
• [16]Roy E, Boudreau J-F, Boivin J-F: Hepatitis C virus incidence among young street-involved IDUs in relation to injection experience. Drug Alcohol Depend 2009, 102:158-161.
• [17]Maher L, Li J, Jalaludin B, Chant KG, Kaldor JM: High hepatitis C incidence in new injecting drug users: a policy failure? Aust N Z J Public Health 2007, 31:30-35.
• [18]Grebely J, Raffa JD, Lai C, Krajden M, Kerr T, Fischer B, Tyndall MW: Low uptake of treatment for hepatitis C virus infection in a large community-based study of inner city residents. J Viral Hepat 2009, 16:352-358.
• [19]Sbebl FM, El-Kamary SS, Saleh DA, Abdel-Hamid M, Mikhail N, Allam A, El-Arabi H, Elhenawy I, El-Kafrawy S, El-Daly M, et al.: Prospective cohort study of mother-to-infant infection and clearance of hepatitis C in rural Egyptian villages. J Med Virol 2009, 81:1024-1031.
• [20]Dolan KA, Shearer J, White B, Zhou J, Kaldor J, Wodak AD: Four-year follow-up of imprisoned male heroin users and methadone treatment: mortality, re-incarceration and hepatitis C infection. Addiction 2005, 100:820-828.
• [21]Miller ER, Bi P, Ryan P: HCV infection in South Australian prisoners: seroprevalence, seroconversion and risk factors. Int J Infect Dis 2009, 13:201-208.
• [22]Yawn BP, Wollan P, Gazzuola L, Kim RW: Diagnosis and 10-year follow-up of a community-based hepatitis C cohort. J Fam Pract 2002, 51:135-140.
• [23]Zampino R, Marrone A, Merola A, Trani B, Cirillo G, Karayiannis P, Coppola N, Zappalà R, Utili R, GRuggiero G, Adinolfi LE: Long-term outcome of hepatitis B and hepatitis C virus co-infection and single HBV infection acquired in youth. J Med Virol 2009, 81:2012-2020.
• [24]Grebely J, Raffa JD, Lai C, Krajden M, Conway B, Tyndall MW: Factors associated with spontaneous clearance of hepatitis C virus among illicit drug users. Can J Gastroenterol 2007, 21:447-451.
• [25]García-García JA, Romero-Gómez M, Girón-González JA, Rivera-Irigoin R, Torre-Cisneros J, Montero JL, González-Serrano M, Andrade RJ, Aguilar-Guisado M, Grilo I, et al.: Incidence of and factors associated with hepatocellular carcinoma among hepatitis C virus and Human Immunodeficiency virus coinfected patients with decompensated cirrhosis. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2006, 22:1236-1241.
• [26]Hansen N, Obel N, Christensen PB, Krarup H, Laursen AL, Clausen MR, Lunding S, Moller A, Schlichting P, Kromann-Andersen H, et al.: Predictors of antiviral treatment initiation in hepatitis C virus-infected patients: a Danish cohort study. J Viral Hepat 2009, 16:659-665.
• [27]Bonacini M, Louie S, Bzowej N, Wohl AR: Survival in patients with HIV infection and viral hepatitis B or C: a cohort study. AIDS 2004, 18:2039-2045.
• [28]Melendez-Morales L, Konkle BA, Preiss L, Zhang M, Mathew P, Eyster ME, Goedert JJ: Chronic hepatitis B and other correlates of spontaneous clearance of hepatitis C virus among HIV-infected people with hemophilia. AIDS 2007, 21:1631-1636.
• [29]Evon DM, Ramcharran D, Belle SH, Terrault NA, Fontana RJ, Fried MW, the Virahep-C Study Group: Prospective analysis of depression during peginterferon and ribavirin therapy of chronic hepatitis C: result of the Virahep-C Study. 2009. [American Journal of Gastroenterology] Advance on line publication, 29 September 2009
• [30]Dalgard O, Bjøro K, Hellum K, Myrvang B, Skaug K, Gutigard G, Belle H, the Construct Group: Treatment of chronic hepatitis C in injecting drug users: 5 years' follow-up. Eur Addict Res 2002, 8:45-49.
• [31]Ikeda K, Marusawa H, Osaki Y, Nakamura T, Kitajima N, Yamashita Y, Kudo M, Sato T, Chiba T: Antibody to hepatitis B core antigen and risk for hepatitis C-related hepatocellular carcinoma: a prospective study. Ann Intern Med 2007, 146:649-656.
• [32]Gallegos-Orozco JF, Yosephy A, Noble B, Aqel BA, Byrne TJ, Williams JW, Rakela J, Vargas HE: Natural history of post-liver transplantation hepatitis C: a review of factors that may influence its course. Liver Transpl 2009, 15:1872-1881.
• [33]Bizollon T, Pradat P, Mabrut JY, Chevallier M, Adham M, Radenne S, Souquet JC, Ducerf C, Baulieux J, Zoulim F, Trepo C: Benefit of sustained virological response to combination therapy on graft survival of liver transplanted patients with recurrent chronic hepatitis C. Am J Transplant 2005, 5:1909-1913.
• [34]Bailey DE Jr, Landerman L, Barroso J, Bixby P, Mishel MH, Muir AJ, Strickland L, Clipp E: Uncertainty, symptoms, and quality of life in persons with chronic hepatitis. Psychosomatics 2009, 50:138-146.
• [35]Thein HH, Maruff P, Krahn M, Kaldor JM, Koorey DJ, Brew BJ, Dore GJ: Cognitive function, mood and health-related quality of life in hepatitis C virus (HCV)-monoinfected and HIV/HCV-coinfected individuals commencing HCV treatment. HIV Med 2007, 8:192-202.
• [36]Gunasekera S, Fraser J, Alexander C: Quality of life in Hepatitis C virus infection: assessment of rural patients living in north-western New South Wales. Aust J Rural Health 2008, 16:213-220.
• [37]Kramer L, Bauer E, Funk G, Hofer H, Jessner W, Steindl-Munda P, Wrba F, Madl C, Gangl A, Ferenci P: Subclinical impairment of brain function in chronic hepatitis C infection. J Hepatol 2002, 37:349-354.
• [38]Kramer L, Hofer H, Bauer E, Funk G, Formann E, Steindl-Munda P, Ferenci P: Relative impact of fatigue and subclinical cognitive brain dysfunction on health-related quality of life in chronic hepatitis C infection. AIDS 2005, 19:S85-S92.
• [39]Marcellin F, Preau M, Ravaux I, Dellamonica P, Spire B, Carrieri MP: Self-reported fatigue and depressive symptoms as main indicators of the quality of life (QOL) of patients living with HIV and hepatitis C: Implications for clinical management and future research. HIV Clin Trials 2007, 8:320-327.
• [40]Dalgard O, Egeland A, Skaug K, Vilimas K, Steen T: Health-related quality of life in active injecting drug users with and without chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Hepatology 2004, 39:74-80.
• [41]Schwarzinger M, Dewedar S, Rekacewicz C, Abd Elaziz KM, Fontanet A, Carrat F, Mohamed MK: Chronic hepatitis C virus infection: Does it really impact health-related quality of life? A study in rural Egypt. Hepatology 2004, 40:1434-1441.
• [42]Fontana RJ, Hussain KB, Schwartz SM, Moyer CA, Su GL, Lok ASF: Emotional distress in chronic hepatitis C patients not receiving antiviral therapy. J Hepatol 2002, 36:401-407.
• [43]Hilsabeck RC, Hassanein TI, Perry W: Biopsychosocial predictors of fatigue in chronic hepatitis C. J Psychosom Res 2005, 58:173-178.
• [44]Taliani G, Rucci P, Biliotti E, Cirrincione L, Aghemo A, Alberti A, Almasio PL, Bartolozzi D, Caporaso N, Coppola R, et al.: Therapy expectations and physical co morbidity affect quality of life in chronic hepatitis C virus infection. J Viral Hepat 2007, 14:875-882.
• [45]Dudley T, Chaplin D, Clifford C, Mutimer DJ: Quality of life after liver transplantation for hepatitis C infection. Qual Life Res 2007, 16:1299-1308.
• [46]Grundy G, Beeching N: Understanding social stigma in women with hepatitis C. Nurs Stand 2004, 19:35-39.
• [47]Janke EA, McGraw S, Garcia-Tsao G, Fraenkel L: Psychosocial issues in hepatitis C: a qualitative analysis. Psychosomatics 2008, 49:494-501.
• [48]Sgorbini M, O'Brien L, Jackson D: Living with hepatitis C and treatment: the personal experiences of patients. J Clin Nurs 2009, 18:2282-2291.
• [49]Temple-Smith M, Gifford S, Stoové M: The lived experience of men and women with hepatitis C: implications for support needs and health information. Aust Health Rev 2004, 27:46-56.
• [50]Zacks S, Beavers K, Theodore D, Dougherty K, Batey B, Shumaker J, Galanko J, Shrestha R, Fried MW: Social stigmatization and hepatitis C virus infection. Journal of Clinincal Gastroenterology 2006, 40:220-224.
• [51]Castera L, Constant A, Bernard PH, de Ledinghen V, Couzigou P: Lifestyle changes and beliefs regarding disease severity in patients with chronic hepatitis C. J Viral Hepat 2006, 13:482-488.
• [52]Scognamiglio P, Galati V, Navarra A, Longo MA, Aloisi MS, Antonini MG, Puoti M, Almasio PL, Ippolito G, Girardi E: Impact of hepatitis C virus infection on lifestyle. World J Gastroenterol 2007, 13:2722-2726.
• [53]Roy E, Nonn É, Haley N, Cox J: Hepatitis C meaning and preventive strategies among street-involved young injection drug users in Montréal. Int J Drug Policy 2007, 18:397-405.
• [54]Wright NMJ, Tompkins CNE, Jones L: Exploring risk perceptions and behaviour of homeless injecting drug users diagnosed with hepatitis C. Health Soc Care Community 2005, 13:75-83.
• [55]Conrad S, Garrett LE, Cooksley WGE, Dunne MP, MacDonald GA: Living with chronic hepatitis C means 'you just haven't got a normal life any more'. Chronic Ilness 2006, 2:121-131.
• [56]Grassi L, Satriano J, Serra A, Biancosino B, Zotos S, Sighinolfi L, Ghinelli F: Emotional stress, psychosocial variables and coping associated with hepatitis C virus and human immunodeficiency virus infections in intravenous drug users. Psychother Psychosom 2002, 71:342-349.
• [57]Groessl EJ, Weingart KR, Kaplan RM, Clark JA, Gifford AL, Ho SB: Living with hepatitis C: qualitative interviews with hepatitis C-infected veterans. J Gen Intern Med 2008, 23:1959-1965.
• [58]Hopwood M, Treloar C: Resilient coping: applying adaptive responses to prior adversity during treatment for hepatitis C infection. J Health Psychol 2008, 13:17-27.
• [59]Golden J, O'Dwyer AM, Conroy RM: Depression and anxiety in patients with hepatitis C: prevalence, detection rates and risk factors. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2005, 27:431-438.
• [60]Forton DM, Thomas HC, Murphy CA, Allsop JM, Foster GR, Main J, Wesnes KA, Taylor-Robinson SD: Hepatitis C and cognitive impairment in a cohort of patients with mild liver disease. Hepatology 2002, 35:433-439.
• [61]McAndrews MP, Farcnik K, Carlen P, Damyanovich A, Mrkonjic M, Jones S, Heathcoate EJ: Prevalence and significance of neurocognitive dysfunction in hepatitis C in the absence of correlated risk factors. Hepatology 2005, 41:801-808.
• [62]Piche T, Gelsi E, Schneider SM, Hebuterne X, Giudicelli J, Ferrua B, Laffont C, Benzaken S, Hastier P, Montoya ML, et al.: Fatigue is associated with high circulating leptin levels in chronic hepatitis C. Gut 2002, 51:434-439.
• [63]Tompkins CN, Wright NM, Jones L: Impact of a positive hepatitis C diagnosis on homeless injecting drug users: a qualitative study. Br J Gen Pract 2005, 55:263-268.
• [64]Castera L, Constant A, Bernard PH, de Ledinghen V, Couzigou P: Psychological impact of chronic hepatitis C: Comparison with other stressful life events and chronic diseases. World J Gastroenterol 2006, 12:1545-1550.
• [65]Sutton R, Treloar C: Chronic illness experiences, clinical markers and living with hepatitis C. J Health Psychol 2007, 12:330-340.
• [66]Harris M: Troubling biographical disruption: narratives of unconcern about hepatitis C diagnosis. Sociol Health Illn 2009, 31:1028-1042.
• [67]Crockett B, Gifford SM: "Eyes Wide Shut": narratives of women living with hepatitis C in Australia. Women Health 2004, 39:117-137.
• [68]Golden J, Conroy RM, O'Dwyer AM, Golden D, Hardouin JB: Illness-related stigma, mood and adjustment to illness in persons with hepatitis C. Soc Sci Med 2006, 63:3188-3198.
• [69]Paterson BL, Butt G, McGuinness L, Moffat B: The construction of hepatitis C as a chronic illness. Clin Nurs Res 2006, 15:209-224.
• [70]Hopwood M, Treloar C, Bryant J: Hepatitis C and injecting-related discrimination in New South Wales, Australia. Drugs-Education Prevention and Policy 2006, 13:61-75.
• [71]Butt G, Paterson BL, McGuinness LK: Living with the stigma of hepatitis C. West J Nurs Res 2008, 30:204-221.
• [72]Harris M: Living with hepatitis C: the medical encounter. N Z Sociol 2005, 20:4-19.
• [73]Ogawa LM, Bova C: HCV treatment decision-making substance use experiences and hepatitis C treatment decision-making among HIV/HCV Coinfected Adults. Subst Use Misuse 2009, 44:915-933.
• [74]Treloar C, Hopwood M: "Look, I'm fit, I'm positive and I'll be all right, thank you very much": coping with hepatitis C treatment and unrealistic optimism. Psychol Health Med 2008, 13:360-366.
• [75]Seden K, Back D, Saye Khoo S: New directly acting antivirals for hepatitis C: potential for interaction with antiretrovirals. J Antimicrob Chemother 2010, 65:1079-1085.