An interprofessional nurse-led mental health promotion intervention for older home care clients with depressive symptoms

BMC Geriatrics

Barbara Busing⁴  Thomas Peirce⁴  Jeffrey S Hoch³  Gina Browne¹  Maggie Gibson⁶  Lehana Thabane¹  Dorothy Forbes⁵  Carrie McAiney²  Maureen Markle-Reid¹ 

[1] Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada;St. Joseph’s Healthcare, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada;Department of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada;Hamilton Niagara Haldimand Brant Community Care Access Centre, Brantford, Ontario, Canada;Faculty of Nursing, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada;Veterans Care Program, Parkwood Hospital, St. Joseph’s Healthcare, London, Ontario, Canada

关键词: Clinical effectiveness;    Older adults;    Depression management;    Interdisciplinary;    Home care;    Nurse-led interventions;   

Others  :  855063
DOI  :  10.1186/1471-2318-14-62

 received in 2013-12-19, accepted in 2014-04-24,  发布年份 2014

【 摘 要 】

Background

Depressive symptoms in older home care clients are common but poorly recognized and treated, resulting in adverse health outcomes, premature institutionalization, and costly use of health services. The objectives of this study were to examine the feasibility and acceptability of a new six-month interprofessional (IP) nurse-led mental health promotion intervention, and to explore its effects on reducing depressive symptoms in older home care clients (≥ 70 years) using personal support services.

Methods

A prospective one-group pre-test/post-test study design was used. The intervention was a six-month evidence-based depression care management strategy led by a registered nurse that used an IP approach. Of 142 eligible consenting participants, 98 (69%) completed the six-month and 87 (61%) completed the one-year follow-up. Outcomes included depressive symptoms, anxiety, health-related quality of life (HRQoL), and the costs of use of all types of health services at baseline and six-month and one-year follow-up. An interpretive descriptive design was used to explore clients’, nurses’, and personal support workers’ perceptions about the intervention’s appropriateness, benefits, and barriers and facilitators to implementation.

Results

Of the 142 participants, 56% had clinically significant depressive symptoms, with 38% having moderate to severe symptoms. The intervention was feasible and acceptable to older home care clients with depressive symptoms. It was effective in reducing depressive symptoms and improving HRQoL at six-month follow-up, with small additional improvements six months after the intervention. The intervention also reduced anxiety at one year follow-up. Significant reductions were observed in the use of hospitalization, ambulance services, and emergency room visits over the study period.

Conclusions

Our findings provide initial evidence for the feasibility, acceptability, and sustained effects of the nurse-led mental health promotion intervention in improving client outcomes, reducing use of expensive health services, and improving clinical practice behaviours of home care providers. Future research should evaluate its efficacy using a randomized clinical trial design, in different settings, with an adequate sample of older home care recipients with depressive symptoms.

Trial registration

Clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT01407926.

【 授权许可】

   
2014 Markle-Reid et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

【 图 表 】

【 参考文献 】

• [1]Bruce ML, McAvay GJ, Raue PJ, Brown EL, Meyers BS, Keohane DJ, Jagoda DR, Weber C: Major depression in elderly home health care patients. Am J Psychiatry 2002, 159(8):1367-1374.
• [2]Gallegos-Carrillo K, Garcia-Pena C, Mudgal J, Romero X, Duran-Arenas L, Salmeron J: Role of depressive symptoms and comorbid chronic disease on health-related quality of life among community-dwelling older adults. J Psychosom Res 2009, 66:127-135.
• [3]Preville M, Cote G, Boyer R, Hebert R: Detection of depression and anxiety disorders by home care nurses. Aging Ment Health 2004, 8(5):400-409.
• [4]Markle-Reid M, Weir R, Browne G, Roberts J, Gafni A, Henderson S: Health promotion for frail older home care clients. J Adv Nurs 2006, 54(3):381-395.
• [5]Markle-Reid M, Browne G, Gafni A, Roberts J, Weir R, Thabane L, Miles M, Vaitonis V, Hecimovich C, Baxter P, Henderson S: The effects and costs of a multifactorial and interdisciplinary team approach to falls prevention for older home care clients “at risk” for falling: a randomized controlled trial. Can J Aging 2010, 29(1):139-161.
• [6]Markle-Reid M, Orridge C, Weir R, Browne G, Gafni A, Lewis M, Walsh M, Levy C, Daub S, Brien H, Roberts J, Thabane L: Interprofessional stroke rehabilitation for stroke survivors using home care. Can J Neurol Sci 2011, 38(2):317-334.
• [7]Banerjee S, Macdonald AJD: Mental disorder in an elderly home care population: associations with health and social service use. Brit J Psychiatry 1996, 168:750-756.
• [8]Charney DS, Reynolds CF, Lewis L, Lebowitz BD, Sunderland T, Alexopoulos GS, Blazer DG, Katz IR, Meyers BS, Arean PA, Borson S, Brown C, Bruce ML, Callahan CM, Charlson ME, Conwell Y, Cuthbert BN, Devanand DP, Gibson M, Gottlieb GL, Krishnan KR, Laden SK, Lyketsos CG, Mulsant BH, Niederehe G, Olin JT, Oslin DW, Pearson J, Persky T, Pollock BG, Raetzman S, Reynolds M, Salzman C, Schulz R, Schwenk TL, Scolnick E, Unutzer J, Weissman MM, Young RC: Depression and bipolar support alliance consensus statement on the unmet needs in diagnosis and treatment of mood disorders in late life. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2003, 60:664-672.
• [9]Sirey J, Bruce ML, Carpenter M, Booker D, Reid MC, Newell K-A, Alexopoulos GS: Depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation among older adults receiving home delivered meals. Int J Geriatr Psych 2008, 23(12):1306-1311.
• [10]Crabb R, Hunsley J: Utilization of mental health care services among older adults with depression. J Clin Psychiatry 2006, 62(3):299-312.
• [11]Sewitch MJ, Cole M, McCusker J, Ciampi A, Dyachenko A: Medication use and nonadherence to psychoactive medication for mental health problems by community-living seniors with depression. Can J Psychiatry 2008, 53(9):609-620.
• [12]Health Council of Canada: Seniors in need, caregivers in distress: what are the home care priorities for seniors in Canada?. Toronto: Health Council of Canada; 2012.
• [13]Cole MG, Dendukuri N: Risk factors for depression among elderly community subjects: systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Psychiatry 2003, 160:1147-1156.
• [14]Szczerbińska K, Hirdes JP, Zyczkowska J: Good news and bad news: depressive symptoms decline and undertreatment increases with age in home care and institutional settings. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2012, 20(12):1045-1055.
• [15]DiMatteo MR, Lepper HS, Croghan TW: Depression as a risk factor for noncompliance with medical treatment: meta-analysis of the effects of anxiety and depression on patient adherence. Arch Intern Med 2000, 160(14):2101-2107.
• [16]Harris Y, Cooper JK: Depressive symptoms in older people predict nursing home admission. J Am Geriat Soc 2006, 54:593-597.
• [17]Katz IR: On the inseparability of mental and physical health in aged persons: lessons from depression and medical comorbidity. Am J Geriat Psychiatry 1996, 4:1-16.
• [18]Kessler RC, McGonagle KA, Zhao S, Nelson CB, Hughes M, Eshleman S, Wittchen H-U, Kendler KS: Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-IIIR psychiatric disorders in the United States: results from the national comorbidity survey. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1994, 51:8-19.
• [19]Centre for Disease Control: CDC promotes public health approach to address depression among older adults. http://www.cdc.gov/aging/pdf/CIB_mental_health.pdf webcite
• [20]Schoevers RA, Geerlings MI, Deeg DJH, Holwerda TJ, Jonker C, Beekman ATF: Depression and excess mortality: evidence for a dose response relation in community living elderly. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2009, 24(2):169-176.
• [21]Roos N, Stranc L, Peterson S, Mitchell L, Bogdanovic B, Shapiro E: A look at home care in Manitoba. http://mchp-appserv.cpe.umanitoba.ca/reference/home_care_summ.pdf webcite
• [22]Rockwood K, Howlett SE, MacKnight C, Beattie BL, Bergman H, Hebert R, Hogan DB, Wolfson C, McDowell I: Prevalence, attributes, and outcomes of fitness and frailty in community-dwelling older adults: report from the Canadian study of health and aging. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2004, 59:1310-1317.
• [23]Department of Health: Supporting people with long term conditions: an NHS and social care model to support local innovation and integration. http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130107105354/http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Publications/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance/DH_4100252 webcite
• [24]Hebert R: Functional decline in old age. CMAJ 1997, 157(8):1037-1045.
• [25]Johri M, Beland F, Bergman H: International experiments in integrated care for the elderly: a synthesis of the evidence. Int J Geriatr Psych 2003, 18:222-235.
• [26]Canadian Coalition for Seniors’ Mental Health: National guidelines for seniors’ mental health: the assessment and treatment of depression. http://www.ccsmh.ca/en/guidelinesUsers.cfm webcite
• [27]National Institute for Clinical Excellence: Depression, National Institute for Clinical Excellence: Depression: management of depression in primary and secondary care, clinical guideline 23. http://publicaciones.ops.org.ar/publicaciones/cursos_virtuales/cursovirtualMedicamentos/dia6/bibliografia/NICE%20quickrefguide%20Depresi%C3%B3n.pdf webcite
• [28]Ayalon L, Fialova D, Arean PA, Onder G: Challenges associated with the recognition and treatment of depression in older recipients of home care services. Int Psychogeriatr 2010, 22(4):514-522.
• [29]Ell K: Depression care for the elderly: reducing barriers to evidence-based practice. Home Health Care Serv Q 2006, 25(1/2):115-148.
• [30]Statistics Canada: Population projections for Canada, provinces and territories: 2009–2036. http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/91-520-x/91-520-x2010001-eng.pdf webcite
• [31]Cole MG, McCusker J, Ciampi A, Belzille E: Risk factors for major depression in older medical inpatients: a prospective study. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2008, 16(2):175-178.
• [32]Gilbody S, Sheldon T, House A: Screening and case-finding instruments for depression: a meta-analysis. CMAJ 2008, 178(8):997-1003.
• [33]Pignone MP, Gaynes BN, Rushton JL, Burchell CM, Orleans CT, Mulrow CD, Lohr KN: Screening for depression in adults: a summary of the evidence for the U.S. preventive services task force. Ann Intern Med 2002, 136:765-776.
• [34]Thompson P, Lang L, Annells M: A systematic review of the effectiveness of in-home community nurse led interventions for the mental health of older persons. J Clin Nurs 2008, 17:1419-1427.
• [35]Blazer D: Depression in late life: review and commentary. J Gerontol: Series A, Biological Science and Medical Science 2003, 58:M249-M265.
• [36]Cuijpers P, Van Straten A, Smit F, Mihalopoulos C, Beekman A: Preventing the onset of depressive disorders: a meta-analytic review of psychological interventions. Am J Psychiatry 2008, 165(10):1272-1280.
• [37]Ahuriri-Driscoll A, Rasmussen P, Day P: Mental health services for older people. NZHTA Report 2004, 7(2):i-138.
• [38]Stewart DE: Battling depression. CMAJ 2008, 178(8):1023-1024.
• [39]Kendrick T, Simons L, Mynors-Wallis L, Gray A, Lathlean J, Pickering R, Harris S, Rivero-Arias O, Gerard K, Thompson C: Cost-effectiveness of referral for generic care or problem-solving treatment from community mental health nurses, compared with usual general practitioner care for common mental disorders. Brit J Psychiat 2006, 189:50-59.
• [40]Mynors-Wallis L, Davies I, Gray A, Barbour F, Gath D: A randomized controlled trial and cost analysis of problem-solving treatment for emotional disorders given by community nurses in primary care. Brit J Psychiat 1997, 170:113-119.
• [41]Unutzer J, Katon W, Callahan CM, Williams JW, Hunkeler E, Harpole L, Hoffing M, Della Penna RD, Noel PH, Lin EHB, Arean PA, Hegel MT, Tang L, Belin TR, Oishi S, Langston C: Collaborative care management of late-life depression in the primary care setting: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2002, 288(22):2836-2845.
• [42]Ciechanowski P, Wagner E, Schmaling K, Schwartz S, Williams B, Diehr P, Kulzer J, Gray S, Collier C, LoGerfo J: Community-integrated home-based depression treatment in older adults: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2004, 291(13):1569-1577.
• [43]Arean P, Hegel M, Vannoy S, Fan M, Unutzer J: Effectiveness of problem-solving therapy for older, primary care patients with depression: results from the IMPACT project. Gerontologist 2008, 48(3):311-323.
• [44]Roberts J, Browne G, Milne C, Spooner L, Gafni A, Drummond-Young M, LeGris J, Watt S, LeClair K, Beaumont L, Roberts J: Problem-solving counselling for caregivers of the cognitively impaired: effective for whom? Nurs Res 1999, 48(3):162-172.
• [45]Christensen H, Griffiths KM, Gulliver A, Clack D, Kljakavic M, Wells L: Models in the delivery of depression care: a systematic review of randomized and controlled intervention trials. BMC Fam Pract 2008, 9(25):1-10.
• [46]Cole MG: Brief interventions to prevent depression in older subjects: a systematic review of feasibility and effectiveness. Am J Geriat Psychiat 2008, 16(6):435-443.
• [47]Gilbody S, House AO, Sheldon TA: Screening and case finding instruments for depression. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005., 4CD002792
• [48]Gilbody S, Whitty P, Grimshaw J, Thomas R: Educational and organizational interventions to improve the management of depression in primary care: a systematic review. JAMA 2003, 289(23):3145-3151.
• [49]Registered Nurses’ Association of Ontario: Caregiving strategies for older adults with delirium, dementia and depression. http://rnao.ca/bpg/guidelines/caregiving-strategies-older-adults-delirium-dementia-and-depression webcite
• [50]Registered Nurses’ Association of Ontario: Caregiving strategies for older adults with delirium, dementia and depression: guideline supplement. http://www.guideline.gov/content.aspx?id=32418 webcite
• [51]Bower P, Gilbody S, Richards D, Fletcher J, Sutton A: Collaborative care for depression in primary care: making sense of a complex intervention: systematic review and meta-regression. Br J Psychiatry 2006, 189:484-494.
• [52]Gilbody S, Bower P, Fletcher J, Richards D, Sutton AJ: Collaborative care for depression: a cumulative meta-analysis and review of longer-term outcomes. Arch Intern Med 2006, 166:2314-2321.
• [53]Van Citters AD, Bartels SJ: A systematic review of the effectiveness of community-based mental health outreach services for older adults. Psychiatr Serv 2004, 55(11):1237-1249.
• [54]Frederick JT, Steinman LE, Prohaska T, Satariano WA, Bruce M, Bryant L, Ciechanowski P, Devellis B, Leith K, Leyden KM, Sharkey J, Simon GE, Wilson N, Unützer J, Snowden M: Late Life Depression Special Interest Project (SIP) Panelists: Community-based treatment of late life depression: an expert panel-informed literature review. Am J Prev Med 2007, 33(3):222-249.
• [55]Community Preventive Services Task Force: Interventions to reduce depression among older adults: home-based depression care management. http://www.thecommunityguide.org/mentalhealth/depression-home.html webcite
• [56]Steinman LE, Frederick JT, Prohaska T, Satariano WA, Dornberg-Lee S, Fisher R, Graub PB, Leith K, Presby K, Sharkey J, Snyder S, Turner D, Wilson N, Yagoda L, Unutzer J, Snowden M: Late Life Depression Special Interest Project (SIP) Panelists: Recommendations for treating depression in community-based older adults. Am J Prev Med 2007, 33(3):175-181.
• [57]Markle-Reid M, Browne G, Weir R, Gafni A, Roberts J, Henderson S: Seniors at risk: the association between the six-month use of publicly funded home support services and quality of life and use of health services for older people. Can J Aging 2008, 27(2):207-224.
• [58]Parent K, Anderson M, Neuwelt B: Home care and people with psychiatric disabilities: needs and issues. http://www.cmha.ca/public_policy/home-care-and-people-with-psychiatric-disabilities/#.U3Ivc1ftl8E webcite
• [59]Brown EL, McAvay GJ, Raue PJ, Moses S, Bruce ML: Recognition of depression among elderly recipients of home care services. Psychiatr Serv 2003, 54(2):208-213.
• [60]Haddad M, Plummer S, Taverner A, Gray R, Lee S, Payne F, Knight D: District nurses’ involvement and attitudes to mental health problems: a three-area cross-sectional study. J Clin Nurs 2005, 14(8):976-985.
• [61]Ell K, Unutzer J, Aranda M, Sanchez K, Lee PJ: Routine PHQ-9 depression screening in home health care: depression prevalence, clinical and treatment characteristics and screening implementation. Home Health Care Serv Q 2005, 24(4):1-19.
• [62]Choi NG, Sirey J, Bruce ML: Depression in homebound older adults: recent advances in screening and psychosocial interventions. Curr Transl Geriatr Exp Gerontol Rep 2013, 2:16-23.
• [63]Health Canada: Interprofessional education for collaborative patient-centred practice: research synthesis paper. http://research.library.mun.ca/154/1/Interprofessional_Education_for_collaborative_patient_centred_practice.pdf webcite
• [64]Chang-Quan H, Bi-Rong D, Zhen-Chan L, Yuan Z, Yu-Sheng P, Qing-Xiu L: Collaborative care interventions for depression in the elderly: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. J Invest Med 2009, 57(2):446-455.
• [65]Mitchell AJ, Kakkadasam V: Ability of nurses to identify depression in primary care, secondary care and nursing homes-a meta-analysis of routine clinical accuracy. Int J Nurs Stud 2011, 48:359-368.
• [66]Waterreus A, Blanchard M, Mann A: Community psychiatric nurses for the elderly: well tolerated, few side-effects and effective in the treatment of depression. J Clin Nurs 1994, 3(5):299-306.
• [67]Blanchard MR, Waterreus A, Mann AH: The effect of primary care nurse intervention upon older people screened as depressed. Int J Geriatr Psych 1995, 10:289-298.
• [68]Blanchard MR, Waterreus A, Mann AH: Can a brief intervention have a longer-term benefit? the case of the research nurse and depressed older people in the community. Int J Geriatr Psych 1999, 14:733-738.
• [69]Bruce ML, Ten Have TR, Reynolds CF, Katz II, Schulberg HC, Mulsant BH, Brown GK, McAvay GJ, Pearson JL, Alexopoulos GS: Reducing suicidal ideation and depressive symptoms in depressed older primary care patients: a randomized controlled trial. J Am Med Assoc 2004, 291(9):1081-1091.
• [70]Callaghan CM, Kroenke K, Counsell SR, Hendrie HC, Perkins AJ, Katon W, Noel PH, Harpole L, Hunkeler EM, Unutzer J: Treatment of depression improves physical functioning in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 2005, 53:367-373.
• [71]Hunkeler EM, Meresman JF, Hargreaves WA, Fireman B, Berman WH, Kirsch AJ, Groebe J, Hurt SW, Braden P, Getzell M, Feigenbaum PA, Peng T, Salzer M: Efficacy of nurse telehealth care and peer support in augmenting treatment of depression in primary care. Arch Fam Med 2000, 9:700-708.
• [72]Hunkeler EM, Katon W, Tang L, Williams JW, Kroenke K, Lin EHB, Harpole LH, Arean P, Levine S, Grypma LM, Hargreaves WA, Unutzer J: Long-term outcomes from the IMPACT randomized trial for depressed elderly patients in primary care. Brit Med J 2006, 332:259-263.
• [73]Katon WJ, Schoenbaum M, Fan MY, Callahan CM, Williams J, Hunkeler E, Harpole L, Zhou XHA, Langston C, Unutzer J: Cost-effectiveness of improving primary care treatment of late-life depression. Arch Gen Psychiat 2005, 62:1313-1320.
• [74]Katon W, Unutzer J, Fan M, Williams JW, Schoenbaum M, Lin EHB, Hunkeler EM: Cost-effectiveness and net benefit of enhanced treatment of depression for older adults with diabetes and depression. Diabetes Care 2006, 29(2):265-270.
• [75]Katon W, Von Korff M, Lin E, Simon G, Walker E, Unutzer J, Bush T, Russo J, Ludman E: Stepped collaborative care for primary care patients with persistent symptoms of depression: a randomized trial. Arch Gen Psychiat 1999, 56(12):1109-1115.
• [76]Katon WJ, Lin EHB, Von Korff M, Ciechanowski P, Ludman EJ, Young B, Peterson D, Rutter CM, McGregor M, McCulloch D: Collaborative care for patients with depression and chronic illness. New Engl J Med 2010, 363:2611-2620.
• [77]Oishi SM, Shoai R, Katon W, Callahan C, Unutzer J: Impacting late life depression: integrating a depression intervention into primary care. Psychiat Quart 2003, 74(1):75-89.
• [78]Richards DA, Lovell K, Gilbody S, Gask L, Torgerson D, Barkham M, Bland M, Bower P, Lankshear AJ, Simpson A, Fletcher J, Escott D, Hennessy S, Richardson R: Collaborative care for depression in UK primary care: a randomized trial. Psychol Med 2008, 38:279-287.
• [79]Rost K, Nutting P, Smith J, Werner J, Duan N: Improving depression outcomes in community primary care practice. J Gen Intern Med 2001, 16:143-149.
• [80]Saur CD, Harpoole LH, Steffens DC, Fulcher CD, Porterfield Y, Haverkamp R, Kivett D, Unutzer J: Treating depression in primary care: an innovative role for mental health nurses. J Am Psychiatr Nurses Assoc 2002, 8(5):159-167.
• [81]Wells KB, Sherbourne C, Schoenbaum M, Duan N, Meredith L, Unutzer J, Miranda J, Carney MF, Rubenstein LV: Impact of disseminating quality improvement programs for depression in managed primary care: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2000, 283(2):212-221.
• [82]Rabins PV, Black BS, Roca R, German P, McGuire M, Robbins B, Rye R, Brant L: Effectiveness of nurse-based outreach program for identifying and treatment of psychiatric illness in the elderly. JAMA 2000, 283(21):2802-2809.
• [83]van’t Veer-Tazelaar PJ, van Marwijk HW, van Oppen P, van Hout HP, van der Horst HE, Cuijpers P, Smit F, Beekman AT: Stepped-care prevention of anxiety and depression in late life: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2009, 66(3):297-304.
• [84]Bruce ML, Brown EL, Raue PJ, Mlodzianowski AE, Meyers BS, Leon AC, Heo M, Byers AL, Greenberg RL, Rinder S, Katt W, Nassisi P: A randomized trial of depression assessment intervention in home health care. J Am Geriatr Soc 2007, 55(11):1793-1800.
• [85]Ell K, Unutzer J, Aranda M, Gibbs NE, Lee P-J, Xie B: Managing depression in home health care: a randomized controlled trial. Home Health Care Serv Q 2007, 26(3):81-104.
• [86]Cuijpers P, Van Lammeren P: Secondary prevention of depressive symptoms in elderly inhabitants of residential homes. Int J Geriatr Psych 2001, 16:702-708.
• [87]Llewellyn-Jones RH, Baikie KA, Smithers H, Cohen J, Snowdon J, Tennant CC: Multifaceted shared care intervention for late life depression in residential care: a randomized controlled trial. Brit Med J 1999, 319:676-682.
• [88]Bruce ML, Raue PJ, Sheeran T, Reilly C, Pomerantz JC, Meyers BS, Weinberger MI, Zukowski D: Depression care for patients at home (Depression CAREPATH): home care depression care management protocol, part 2. Home Healthc Nurse 2011, 29(8):480-489.
• [89]Steinman L, Cristofalo M, Snowden M: Implementation of an evidence-based depression care management program (PEARLS): perspectives from staff and former clients. Prev Chronic Dis 2012, 9:E91.
• [90]Brown EL, Bruce ML, McAvay GJ, Raue PJ, Lachs MS, Nassisi P: Recognition of late-life depression in home care: accuracy of the outcome and assessment information set. J Am Geriatr Soc 2004, 52:995-999.
• [91]Guirguis-Younger M, Cappeliez P, Younger A: A community-based intervention for treating depression in seniors. Can J Nurs Res 2008, 40(1):60-79.
• [92]Knight MM, Houseman EA: A collaborative model for the treatment of depression in homebound elders. Issues Ment Health Nurs 2008, 29:974-991.
• [93]Barker E, Robinson D, Brautigan R: The effect of psychiatric home nurse follow-up on readmission rates of patients with depression. J Am Psychiatr Nurses Assoc 1999, 5:111-116.
• [94]Delaney JF: Use of home mental health nurses to reduce hospitalization in elderly depressed female patients. PhD thesis. Pennsylvania: University of Pittsburgh, Division of Geriatric Medicine; 2000.
• [95]Flaherty JH, McBride M, Marzouk M, Miller S, Chien DK, Hanchett M, Leander S, Kaiser FE, Morley JE: Decreasing hospitalization rates for older home care patients with symptoms of depression. J Am Geriatr Soc 1998, 46(1):31-38.
• [96]Eisses AMH, Kluiter H, Jongenelis K, Pot AM, Beekman ATF, Ormel J: Care staff training in detection of depression in residential homes for the elderly. Brit J Psychiatry 2005, 186:404-409.
• [97]Canadian Institutes of Health Research, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada: Tri-council policy statement: ethical conduct for research involving humans. http://www.pre.ethics.gc.ca/pdf/eng/tcps2/TCPS_2_FINAL_Web.pdf webcite
• [98]DiCenso A, Hutchison B, Grimshaw J, Edwards N, Guyatt G: Health services interventions. In Evidence-based nursing: a guide to practice. Edited by DiCenso A, Guyatt G, Ciliska D. St. Louis: MO: Elsevier Mosby; 2005.
• [99]Spitzer RL, Williams JB, Kroenke K, Linzer M, deGruy FV, Hahn SR, Brody D, Johnson JG: Utility of a new procedure for diagnosing mental disorders in primary care: the PRIME-MD 1000 study. JAMA 1994, 272:1749-1756.
• [100]Molloy D, Alemayehu E, Roberts R: Reliability of a standardized mini-mental state examination compared with the traditional mini-mental state examination. Am J Psychiatry 1991, 148:102-105.
• [101]Markle-Reid M, McAiney C, Forbes D, Thabane L, Gibson M, Browne G, Peirce T, Busing B, Hoch J: Reducing depression in older home care clients: design of a prospective study of a nurse-led interprofessional mental health promotion intervention. BMC Geriatr 2011, 11:50. BioMed Central Full Text
• [102]Sheikh J, Yesavage J: Geriatric depression scale (GDS): recent evidence and development of a shorter version. In Clinical gerontology: a guide to assessment and intervention. Edited by Brink TL. New York: The Haworth Press; 1986:165-173.
• [103]Eisees AMH, Kluiter H: The behavioural rating scale for intramural psychogeriatric inpatients [GIP-28] in homes for the elderly: a psychometric evaluation. Tijdschr Gerontol Geriatr 2002, 33(3):112-118.
• [104]Nezu AM, Nezu CM, D’Zurilla TJ: Solving life’s problems: a 5-step guide to enhanced well-being. New York: New York: Springer Publishing Company; 2007.
• [105]Johnson CS, Myers AM, Scholey LM, Cyarto EV, Ecclestone NA: Outcome evaluation of the Canadian centre for activity and aging’s home support exercise program for frail older adults. J Aging Phys Activ 2003, 11:408-424.
• [106]Borrelli B, Sepinwall D, Bellg AJ, Breger R, DeFrancesco C, Sharp DL, Ogedegbe G, Resnick B, Orwig D: A new tool to assess treatment fidelity and evaluation of treatment fidelity across 10 years of health behaviour research. J Consult Clin Psychol 2005, 73(5):852-860.
• [107]Carroll C, Patterson M, Wood S, Booth A, Rick J, Balain S: A conceptual framework for implementation fidelity. Implement Sci 2007, 2:40. BioMed Central Full Text
• [108]Grol R, Grimshaw J: From best evidence to best practice: effective implementation of change in patients’ care. Lancet 2003, 362:1225-1230.
• [109]Sidani S, Braden CJ: Design, evaluation, and translation of nursing interventions. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell; 2011.
• [110]Radloff LS: The CES-D scale: a self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Appl Psych Meas 1977, 1:385-401.
• [111]Spitzer RL, Kroenke K, Williams JBW, Lowe B: A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7. Arch Intern Med 2006, 166:1092-1097.
• [112]Lowe B, Decker O, Muller S, Brahler E, Schellberg D, Herzog W, Herzberg PY: Validation and standardization of the generalized anxiety disorder screener (GAD-7) in the general population. Med Care 2008, 46(3):266-274.
• [113]Ware JE, Kosinski M, Keller SD: A 12 item short form health survey: construction of scales and preliminary tests of reliability and validity. Med Care 1996, 34:220-233.
• [114]Browne G, Gafni A, Roberts J: Approach to the measurement of resource use and costs. In Working paper S06-01. Hamilton, Ontario: McMaster University, System-Linked Research Unit on Health and Social Service Utilization; 2006.
• [115]Drummond MF, O’Brien B, Stoddart GL, Torrance GW: Methods for the economic evaluation of health care programmes. 2nd edition. Toronto: Oxford University Press; 1997.
• [116]Kline R: Data preparation and screening. In Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Edited by Kline R. New York: The Guilford Press; 1998:67-94.
• [117]Hopman WM, Towheed T, Anastassiades T, Tenenhouse A, Poliquin S, Berger C, Joseph L, Brown JP, Murray TM, Adachi JD, Hanley DA, Papadimitropoulos E: Canadian normative data for the SF-36 health survey. CMAJ 2000, 163(3):265-271.
• [118]Ware JE, Snow KK, Kosinski M, Gandek B: SF-36 health survey: manual and interpretation guide. Boston, Massachusetts: The Health Institute, New England Medical Centre; 1993.
• [119]Mather AS, Rodriguez C, Guthrie MR, McHarg AM, Reid IC, McMurdo ME: Effects of exercise on depressive symptoms in older adults with poorly responsive depressive disorder: randomized controlled trial. Br J Psychiatry 2002, 180:411-415.
• [120]Schlernitzauer M, Bierhais AJ, Geary MD, Prigerson HG, Stack JA, Miller MD, Pasternak RE, Reynolds CF 3rd: Recruitment methods for intervention research in bereavement-related depression: five years’ experience. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 1998, 6(1):67-74.
• [121]Cassidy EL, Baird E, Sheikh JI: Recruitment and retention of elderly patients in clinical trials: issues and strategies. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2001, 9(2):136-140.
• [122]Davis LL, Broome ME, Cox RP: Maximizing retention in community-based clinical trials. J Nurs Scholarship 2002, 34(1):47-53.
• [123]Chatfield MD, Brayne CE, Matthews FE: A systematic literature review of attrition between waves in longitudinal studies in the elderly shows a consistent pattern of dropout between differing studies. J Clin Epidemiol 2005, 58:13-19.
• [124]Djernes JK: Prevalence and predictors of depression in populations of elderly: a review. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2006, 113(5):372-387.
• [125]Canadian Institute for Health Information (CIHI): Seniors and the health care system: what is the impact of multiple chronic conditions?. Ottawa, ON: CIHI; 2011.
• [126]Sidani S, Epstein DR, Moritz P: An alternative paradigm for clinical nursing research: an exemplar. Res Nurs Health 2003, 26:244-255.
• [127]De Vry J, Fritze J, Post RM: The management of coexisting depression in patients with dementia: potential of calcium channel antagonists. Clin Neuropharmacol 1997, 20(1):22-35.
• [128]Stephens T, Joubert N: The economic burden of mental health problems in Canada. Chronic Dis Can 2001, 22(1):18-23.
• [129]Unützer J, Simon G, Belin T, Datt M, Katon WJ, Patrick D: Care for depression in HMO patients age 65 and older. J Am Geriatr Society 2000, 48:871-878.
• [130]Bao Y, Post EP, Ten HTR, Schackman BR, Bruce ML: Achieving effective antidepressant pharmacotherapy in primary care: the role of depression care management in treating late-life depression. J Am Geriatr Soc 2009, 57(5):895-900.
• [131]Raina P, Torrance-Rynard V, Wong M, Woodward C: Agreement between self-reported and routinely collected health care utilization data among seniors. Health Serv Res 2002, 37(3):751-774.
• [132]Neumann PJ, Araki SS, Gutterman EM: The use of proxy respondents in studies of older adults: lessons, challenges, and opportunities. J Am Geriatr Soc 2000, 48(12):1646-1654.