A cleanroom sleeping environment’s impact on markers of oxidative stress, immune dysregulation, and behavior in children with autism spectrum disorders

BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine

HM Skip Kingston³  John C Kern²  Timothy Fahrenholz³  Andrew Boggess³  Gregory M Zinn³  Scott Faber¹ 

[1]Medicine, The Children’s Institute, 1405 Shady Avenue, Pittsburgh 15217, PA, USA

[2]Mathematics and Computer Science, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh 15282, PA, USA

[3]Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh 15282, PA, USA

关键词: Oxidative stress;    Immune dysregulation;    Glutathione;    Cleanroom;    Behavioral rating scales;    Autism;   

Others  :  1141259
DOI  :  10.1186/s12906-015-0564-0

 received in 2014-05-20, accepted in 2015-02-19,  发布年份 2015

【 摘 要 】

Background

An emerging paradigm suggests children with autism display a unique pattern of environmental, genetic, and epigenetic triggers that make them susceptible to developing dysfunctional heavy metal and chemical detoxification systems. These abnormalities could be caused by alterations in the methylation, sulfation, and metalloprotein pathways.This study sought to evaluate the physiological and behavioral effects of children with autism sleeping in an International Organization for Standardization Class 5 cleanroom.

Methods

Ten children with autism, ages 3–12, slept in a cleanroom for two weeks to evaluate changes in toxin levels, oxidative stress, immune dysregulation, and behavior. Before and after the children slept in the cleanroom, samples of blood and hair and rating scale scores were obtained to assess these changes.

Results

Five children significantly lowered their concentration of oxidized glutathione, a biomarker of oxidative stress. The younger cohort, age 5 and under, showed significantly greater mean decreases in two markers of immune dysregulation, CD3% and CD4%, than the older cohort. Changes in serum magnesium, influencing neuronal regulation, correlated negatively while changes in serum iron, affecting oxygenation of tissues, correlated positively with age. Changes in serum benzene and PCB 28 concentrations showed significant negative correlations with age. The younger children demonstrated significant improvements on behavioral rating scales compared to the older children. In a younger pair of identical twins, one twin showed significantly greater improvements in 4 out of 5 markers of oxidative stress, which corresponded with better overall behavioral rating scale scores than the other twin.

Conclusions

Younger children who slept in the cleanroom altered elemental levels, decreased immune dysregulation, and improved behavioral rating scales, suggesting that their detoxification metabolism was briefly enhanced. The older children displayed a worsening in behavioral rating scale performance, which may have been caused by the mobilization of toxins from their tissues. The interpretation of this exploratory study is limited by lack of a control group and small sample size. The changes in physiology and behavior noted suggest that performance of larger, prospective controlled studies of exposure to nighttime or 24 hour cleanroom conditions for longer time periods may be useful for understanding detoxification in children with autism.

Trial registration

Clinical Trial Registration Number NCT02195401 (Obtained July 18, 2014).

【 授权许可】

   
2015 Faber et al.; licensee BioMed Central.

【 图 表 】

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