Identification of congenital rubella syndrome in Sudan

BMC Infectious Diseases

Claude P Muller²  Judith M Hübschen²  Ahmed KM Ali¹  Omer Adam¹ 

[1]Department of Medical Biotechnology, Commission for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, The National Centre for Research, P. O. Box 2404, Khartoum, Sudan

[2]Institute of Immunology, Centre de Recherche Public de la Santé/Laboratoire National de Santé, 20A Rue Auguste Lumière, L-1950 Luxembourg, Luxembourg

关键词: Sudan;    Dried blood spot;    Oral fluid;    Eye defects;    Congenital rubella syndrome;   

Others  :  1127660
DOI  :  10.1186/1471-2334-14-305

 received in 2013-11-06, accepted in 2014-05-28,  发布年份 2014

【 摘 要 】

Background

Epidemiological data about congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) are scarce and rubella vaccine is not yet included in the childhood immunization schedule in Sudan. This study aimed to identify and describe CRS cases among Sudanese infants with congenital eye or heart defects.

Methods

Between February and September 2010, paired oral fluid and dried blood spot samples were collected from 98 infants aged up to 12 months. These infants were enrolled during their visits to five hospitals in Khartoum, Sudan. Clinical samples were screened for rubella IgM and for ≥ 6 months old infants also for IgG antibodies by ELISA. The oral fluid of IgM and/or IgG positive patients was tested for rubella RNA by reverse transcriptase PCR.

Results

Our findings revealed that two children (2.0%) were IgM positive and another five children (5.1%) were positive for IgG antibodies. None of the five infants of which enough oral fluid was available for RNA investigation was PCR positive.

Conclusions

This study documented the presence of CRS in Sudan and highlighted the importance of rubella vaccine introduction for preventing future CRS cases in the country.

【 授权许可】

   
2014 Adam et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

【 参考文献 】

• [1]Lee JY, Bowden DS: Rubella virus replication and links to teratogenicity. Clin Microbiol Rev 2000, 13(4):571-587.
• [2]Banatvala JE, Brown DW: Rubella. Lancet 2004, 363(9415):1127-1137.
• [3]WHO: Rubella vaccines: WHO position paper. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 2011, 86(29):301-316.
• [4]Best JM: Rubella. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 2007, 12(3):182-192.
• [5]Andrus JK1, de Quadros CA, Solórzano CC, Periago MR, Henderson DA: Measles and rubella eradication in the Americas. Vaccine 2011, 29(Suppl 4):D91-D96.
• [6]Castillo-Solórzano C, Marsigli C, Bravo-Alcántara P, Flannery B, Ruiz Matus C, Tambini G, Gross-Galiano S, Andrus JK: Elimination of rubella and congenital rubella syndrome in the Americas. J Infect Dis 2011, 204(Suppl 2):S571-S578.
• [7]WHO: Controlling rubella and preventing congenital rubella syndrome - global progress, 2009. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 2010, 85(42):413-418.
• [8]Reef SE, Strebel P, Dabbagh A, Gacic-Dobo M, Cochi S: Progress toward control of rubella and prevention of congenital rubella syndrome–worldwide, 2009. J Infect Dis 2011, 204(Suppl 1):S24-S27.
• [9]Adam O, El Hussein A, El Eragi A, Jin L: Primary investigation of 31 infants with suspected congenital rubella syndrome in Sudan. Clin Microbiol Infect 2010, 16(6):678-682.
• [10]Adam O, Makkawi T, Kannan A, Osman M: Seroprevalence of rubella among pregnant women in Khartoum State, Sudan. East Mediterr Health J 2013, 19(9):812-815.
• [11]Hamdan HZ, Abdelbagi IE, Nasser NM, Adam I: Seroprevalence of cytomegalovirus and rubella among pregnant women in western Sudan. Virol J 2011, 8:217. BioMed Central Full Text
• [12]Sudan Central Bureau of Statistics http://www.cbs.gov.sd/en/files.php?id=7#&panel1-3 webcite
• [13]Cutts FT, Best J, Siqueira MM, Engstrom K, Robertson SE: Guidelines for surveillance of congenital rubella syndrome and rubella. Field test version, May 1999. In Department of Vaccines and Biologicals. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 1999. http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/1999/WHO_V&B_99.22.pdf webcite
• [14]Brown DW, Ramsay ME, Richards AF, Miller E: Salivary diagnosis of measles: a study of notified cases in the United Kingdom, 1991–3. BMJ 1994, 308(6935):1015-1017.
• [15]WHO: Manual for the laboratory diagnosis of measles and rubella virus infection. In Department of Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals. 2nd edition. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2007. http://www.who.int/ihr/elibrary/manual_diagn_lab_mea_rub_en.pdf webcite
• [16]Banatvala J, Peckham C: Rubella viruses. In Perspectives in Medical Virology Volume 15. 1st edition. Edited by Zuckerman AJ, Mushahwar IK. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier; 2007.
• [17]Best JM, Banatvala JE: Rubella. In Principles and Practice of Clinical Virology. 5th edition. Edited by Zuckerman AJ, Banatvala JE, Pattison JR, Griffiths PD, Schoub BD. Chichester: Wiley; 2004.
• [18]Plotkin SA, Cochran W, Lindquist JM, Cochran GG, Schaffer DB, Scheie HG, Furukawa T: Congenital rubella syndrome in late infancy. JAMA 1967, 200(6):435-441.
• [19]Hubschen JM, Kremer JR, De Landtsheer S, Muller CP: A multiplex TaqMan PCR assay for the detection of measles and rubella virus. J Virol Methods 2008, 149(2):246-250.
• [20]Kremer JR, Nguyen GH, Shulga SV, Nguyen PH, Nguyen UT, Tikhonova NT, Muller CP: Genotyping of recent measles virus strains from Russia and Vietnam by nucleotide-specific multiplex PCR. J Med Virol 2007, 79(7):987-994.
• [21]Cloonan MJ, Hawkes RA, Stevens LH: Postnatal decline of maternally acquired rubella antibodies. J Hyg (Lond) 1970, 68(3):461-468.
• [22]Deorari AK, Broor S, Maitreyi RS, Agarwal D, Kumar H, Paul VK, Singh M: Incidence, clinical spectrum, and outcome of intrauterine infections in neonates. J Trop Pediatr 2000, 46(3):155-159.
• [23]WHO Regional Office for Eastern Mediterranean: Measles and Rubella Monthly Bulletin 2009–2010.
• [24]Khalfallah E: Serodetection of rubella IgM antibodies among newborns delivered at Omdurman Maternity Hospital. Sudan University of Science and Technology; 2012. [MSc thesis]
• [25]WHO: Measles and rubella laboratory network: 2007 meeting on use of alternative sampling techniques for surveillance. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 2008, 83(25):229-232.