Re-development of mental health first aid guidelines for non-suicidal self-injury: a Delphi study

BMC Psychiatry

Anthony F Jorm¹  Claire M Kelly²  Anna M Ross¹ 

[1] Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Level 4, 207 Bouverie St, Parkville, 3010, Victoria, Australia;School of Psychology, Deakin University, Burwood 3125, Victoria, Australia

关键词: Mental health assistance;    Helping behaviour;    Mental health first aid;    Cutting;    Self-harm;    Non-suicidal self-injury;   

Others  :  1123386
DOI  :  10.1186/s12888-014-0236-5

 received in 2014-04-17, accepted in 2014-08-08,  发布年份 2014

【 摘 要 】

Background

Up to 12% of Australian adults and almost one in five adolescents are estimated to have engaged in non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) at some time in their life. Friends and family are most likely to notice signs of NSSI, but may be unsure how to intervene. Mental health first aid guidelines were developed in 2008 on how to do this through providing initial support and encouraging appropriate professional help-seeking. This study aims to re-develop the 2008 NSSI first aid guidelines to ensure they contain current recommended helping actions and remain consistent with the NSSI intervention literature.

Methods

The Delphi consensus method was used to determine the importance of the inclusion of helping statements in the guidelines. These statements describe helping actions a member of the public can take, and information they should have, to help someone who is engaging in NSSI. Systematic searches of the available NSSI intervention literature were conducted to find helping statements. Two expert panels, comprising 28 NSSI professionals and 33 consumer advocates, rated the importance of each statement.

Results

98 out of 220 statements were endorsed as appropriate helping actions in providing assistance to someone engaging in NSSI. These statements were used to form the updated mental health first aid guidelines for NSSI.

Conclusion

The re-development of the guidelines has resulted in more comprehensive guidance than the original version (98 versus 30 statements containing helping actions). This substantial increase in endorsed statements adds detail and depth to the guidelines, as well as covers additional ways of providing guidance and support.

【 授权许可】

   
2014 Ross et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

【 图 表 】

Figure 1.

【 参考文献 】

• [1]Muehlenkamp JJ: Self-injurious behavior as a separate clinical syndrome. Am J Orthopsychiatry 2005, 75:324-333.
• [2]Kitchener BA, Jorm AF, Kelly CM: Mental Health First Aid Manual. Mental Health First Aid Australia, Melbourne; 2010.
• [3]Martin G, Swannell S, Harrison J, Hazell P, Taylor A: The Australian National Epidemiological Study of Self-Injury (ANESSI). Centre for Suicide Prevention Studies, Brisbane, Australia; 2010.
• [4]Haw C, Hawton K, Houston K, Townsend E: Psychiatric and personality disorders in deliberate self-harm patients. Br J Psychiatry 2001, 178:48-54.
• [5]Briere J, Gil E: Self-mutilation in clinical and general population samples: prevalence, correlates and functions. Am J Orthopsychiatry 1998, 68:609-620.
• [6]Muehlenkamp JJ, Gutierrez PM: Risk for suicide attempts among adolescents who engage in non-suicidal self-injury. Arch Suicide Res 2007, 11:69-82.
• [7]Cooper J, Kapur N, Webb R, Lawlor M, Guthrie E, Mackway-Jones K, Appleby L: Suicide after deliberate self-harm: a 4-year cohort study. Am J Psychiatr 2005, 162:297-303.
• [8]Hawton K, Zahl D, Weatherall R: Suicide following deliberate self-harm: long-term follow-up of patients who presented to a general hospital. Br J Psychiatry 2003, 182:537-542.
• [9]Joiner TE, Ribeiro JD, Silva C: Nonsuicidal self-injury, suicidal behaviour, and their co-occurrence as viewed through the lens of the interpersonal theory of suicide. Curr Dir Psychol Sci 2012, 21:342-347.
• [10]Whitlock J, Knox KL: The relationship between self-injurious behavior and suicide in a young adult population. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2007, 161:634-640.
• [11]Hawton K, Fagg J: Suicide and other causes of death following a suicide attempt. Br J Psychiatry 1988, 152:359-366.
• [12]Owens D, Horrocks J, House A: Fatal and non-fatal repitition of self-harm: Systematic review. Br J Psychiatry 2002, 181:193-199.
• [13]Appleby L, Cooper J, Amos T, Faragher B: Psychological autopsy study of suicide by people aged under 35. Br J Psychiatry 1999, 175:168-174.
• [14]Foster T, Gillespie K, McClelland R: Mental disorders and suicide in Northern Ireland. Br J Psychiatry 1997, 170:447-452.
• [15]Nada-Raja S, Morrison D, Skegg K: A population-based study of help-seking for self-harm in young adults. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2003, 37:600-605.
• [16]Rickwood DJ, Deane FP, Wilson CJ: When and how do young people seek professional help for mental health problems? Med J Aust 2007, 187:S35-S39.
• [17]De Leo D, Heller TS: Who are the kids who self-harm? An Australian self-report school survey. Med J Aust 2004, 181:140-144.
• [18]Evans E, Hawton K, Rodham K: In what ways are adolescents who engage in self-harm or experience thoughts of self-harm different in terms of help-seeking, communication and coping strategies? J Adolesc 2005, 28:573-587.
• [19]Fortune S, Sinclair J, Hawton K: Help-seeking before and after episodes of self-harm: a descriptive study in school pupils in England. BMC Public Health 2008, 8:369. BioMed Central Full Text
• [20]Hilt LM, Cha CB, Nolen-Hoeksema S: Nonsuicidal self-injury in young adolescent girls: moderators of the distress-function relationship. J Consult Clin Psychol 2008, 76:63-71.
• [21]Jorm AF, Wright A, Morgan AJ: Beliefs about appropriate first aid for young people with mental disorders: findings from an Australian national survey of youth and parents. Early Intervent Psychiatry 2007, 1:61-70.
• [22]Kingston A, Jorm A, Kitchener B, Hides L, Kelly C, Morgan A, Hart L, Lubman D: Helping someone with problem drinking: mental health first aid guidelines - a Delphi expert consensus study. BMC Psychiatry 2009, 9:79. BioMed Central Full Text
• [23]Kingston A, Morgan A, Jorm A, Hall K, Hart L, Kelly C, Lubman D: Helping someone with problem drug use: a delphi consensus study of consumers, carers, and clinicians. BMC Psychiatry 2011, 11:3. BioMed Central Full Text
• [24]Kelly CM, Jorm AF, Kitchener BA: Development of mental health first aid guidelines on how a member of the public can support a person affected by a traumatic event: a Delphi study. BMC Psychiatry 2010, 10:49. BioMed Central Full Text
• [25]Kelly CM, Jorm AF, Kitchener BA, Langlands RL: Development of mental health first aid guidelines for deliberate non-suicidal self-injury: a Delphi study. BMC Psychiatry 2008, 8:62. BioMed Central Full Text
• [26]Kelly CM, Jorm AF, Kitchener BA: Development of mental health first aid guidelines for panic attacks: a Delphi study. BMC Psychiatry 2009, 9:49. BioMed Central Full Text
• [27]Kelly CM, Jorm AF, Kitchener BA, Langlands RL: Development of mental health first aid guidelines for suicidal ideation and behaviour: a Delphi study. BMC Psychiatry 2008, 8:17. BioMed Central Full Text
• [28]Langlands RL, Jorm AF, Kelly CM, Kitchener BA: First aid for depression: a delphi consensus study with consumers, carers and clinicians. J Affect Disord 2008, 105:157-165.
• [29]Langlands RL, Jorm AF, Kelly CM, Kitchener BA: First aid recommendations for psychosis: using the delphi method to gain consensus between mental health consumers, carers and clinicians. Schizophr Bull 2008, 34:435-443.
• [30]Kitchener BA, Jorm AF: Mental health first aid: an international programme for early intervention. Early Intervent Psychiatry 2008, 2:55-61.
• [31]Jorm AF, Kitchener BA: Noting a landmark achievement: mental health first aid training reaches 1% of Australian adults. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2011, 45:808-813.
• [32]Hart LM, Jorm AF, Paxton SJ, Cvetkovski S: Mental health first aid guidelines: an evaluation of impact following download from the World Wide Web. Early Intervent Psychiatry 2012, 6:399-406.
• [33]Jones J, Hunter D: Consensus methods for medical and health services research. Br Med J 1995, 311:376-380.