Changes in screen time activity in Norwegian children from 2001 to 2008: two cross sectional studies

BMC Public Health

Elling Bere¹  Knut-Inge Klepp²  Nina C Øverby¹ 

[1] Department of Public Health, Sport and Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Sport, University of Agder, Kristiansand, 4604, Norway;Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, 0316, Norway

关键词: Norway;    Children;    Screen time;   

Others  :  1162599
DOI  :  10.1186/1471-2458-13-80

 received in 2012-10-10, accepted in 2013-01-22,  发布年份 2013

【 摘 要 】

Background

There has been an increase in screen-based communication, leading to concerns about the negative health effects of screen-based activities in children and adolescents. The present study aimed to (1) analyze changes in screen time activity in Norwegian children from 2001 to 2008, and (2) to analyze associations between the changes in screen time activity over time and sex, grade level and parental educational level.

Methods

Within the project Fruits and Vegetables Make the Marks (FVMM), 1488 6^th and 7^th grade pupils from 27 Norwegian elementary schools completed a questionnaire including a question about time spent on television viewing and personal computer use in 2001 and 1339 pupils from the same schools completed the same questionnaire in 2008. Data were analyzed by multilevel linear mixed models.

Results

The proportions of 6^th and 7^th grade pupils at the 27 schools that reported screen time activity outside school of 2 hours/day or more decreased from 55% to 45% (p<0.001) from 2001 to 2008 when adjusting for sex, grade level and parental education. The decrease was most evident in 6^th graders (51% to 37%) and in children with highly educated parents (54% to 39%).

Conclusion

The present study shows that there has been a marked reduction in screen time activity outside school in this group of Norwegian 10–12 year olds from 2001 to 2008.

【 授权许可】

   
2013 Øverby et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

【 参考文献 】

• [1]Richards R, McGee R, Williams SM, Welch D, Hancox RJ: Adolescent screen time and attachment to parents and peers. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2010, 164:258-262.
• [2]Melkevik O, Torsheim T, Iannotti RJ, Wold B: Is spending time in screen-based sedentary behaviors associated with less physical activity: a cross national investigation. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2010, 7:46. BioMed Central Full Text
• [3]Sharif I, Sargent JD: Association between television, movie, and video game exposure and school performance. Pediatrics 2006, 118:e1061-e1070.
• [4]Carson V, Pickett W, Janssen I: Screen time and risk behaviors in 10- to 16-year-old Canadian youth. Prev Med 2011, 52:99-103.
• [5]Matheson DM, Killen JD, Wang Y, Varady A, Robinson TN: Children’s food consumption during television viewing. Am J Clin Nutr 2004, 79:1088-1094.
• [6]Torsheim T, Eriksson L, Schnohr CW, Hansen F, Bjarnason T, Valimaa R: Screen-based activities and physical complaints among adolescents from the Nordic countries. BMC Publ Health 2010, 10:324. BioMed Central Full Text
• [7]Wen LM, Merom D, Rissel C, Simpson JM: Weight status, modes of travel to school and screen time: a cross-sectional survey of children aged 10–13 years in Sydney. Health Promot J Austr 2010, 21:57-63.
• [8]Sisson SB, Broyles ST, Baker BL, Katzmarzyk PT: Screen time, physical activity, and overweight in U.S. youth: national survey of children’s health 2003. J Adolesc Health 2010, 47:309-311.
• [9]Hardy LL, ney-Wilson E, Thrift AP, Okely AD, Baur LA: Screen time and metabolic risk factors among adolescents. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2010, 164:643-649.
• [10]Biddle SJ, Pearson N, Ross GM, Braithwaite R: Tracking of sedentary behaviours of young people: a systematic review. Prev Med 2010, 51:345-351.
• [11]Waxman A: WHO global strategy on diet, physical activity and health. Food Nutr Bull 2004, 25:292-302.
• [12]Hoyos CI, Jago R: Systematic review of correlates of screen-viewing among young children. Prev Med 2010, 51:3-10.
• [13]Kristiansen H, Juliusson PB, Eide GE, Roelants M, Bjerknes R: TV viewing and obesity among Norwegian children: the importance of parental education. Acta Paediatr 2012, 102:199-205.
• [14]Bjelland M, Lien N, Bergh IH, Grydeland M, Anderssen SA, Klepp KI, et al.: Overweight and waist circumference among Norwegian 11-year-olds and associations with reported parental overweight and waist circumference: The HEIA study. Scand J Public Health 2010, 38:19-27.
• [15]Brug J, van Stralen MM, te Velde SJ, Chinapaw MJ, De Bourdeaudhuij I, Lien N, et al.: Differences in weight status and energy-balance related behaviors among schoolchildren across Europe: the ENERGY-project. PLoS One 2012, 7:e34742.
• [16]Ulset E, Undheim R, Malterud K: Has the obesity epidemic reached Norway? Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 2007, 127:34-37.
• [17]Kolsgaard ML, Andersen LF, Tonstad S, Brunborg C, Wangensteen T, Joner G: Ethnic differences in metabolic syndrome among overweight and obese children and adolescents: the Oslo Adiposity Intervention Study. Acta Paediatr 2008, 97:1557-1563.
• [18]van Vliet M, Heymans MW, von Rosenstiel IA, Brandjes DP, Beijnen JH, Diamant M: Cardiometabolic risk variables in overweight and obese children: a worldwide comparison. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2011, 10:106. BioMed Central Full Text
• [19]Norwegian institute of Public Health: Endring i andel overvektige barn (Change in percentage overweight children) In Norwegian. 2012. http://www.fhi.no/eway/default.aspx?pid=233&trg=MainLeft_5565&MainArea_5661=5565:0:15,4527:1:0:0:::0:0&MainLeft_5565=5544:90829::1:5569:1:::0:0 webcite
• [20]American Academy of Pediatrics: Children, adolescents, and television. Pediatrics 2001, 107:423-426.
• [21]Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing: Australia’s Physical Activity recommendations for children and youg people. 2007. http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/content/health-pubhlth-strateg-active-recommend.htm webcite
• [22]Ommundsen Y, Aadland A: Fysisk inaktive voksne i Norge. 2009. http://www.helsedirektoratet.no/vp/multimedia/archive/00294/Fysisk_inaktive_vok_294849a.pdf webcite
• [23]Ministeries: The action plan on physical activity 2005–2009. Oslo: Ministeries; 2005.
• [24]Drenowatz C, Carlson JJ, Pfeiffer KA, Eisenmann JC: Joint association of physical activity/screen time and diet on CVD risk factors in 10-year-old children. Front Med 2012, 6:428-435.
• [25]Ekelund U, Brage S, Froberg K, Harro M, Anderssen SA, Sardinha LB, et al.: TV viewing and physical activity are independently associated with metabolic risk in children: the European Youth Heart Study. PLoS Med 2006, 3:e488.
• [26]Huhman M, Lowry R, Lee SM, Fulton JE, Carlson SA, Patnode CD: Physical activity and screen time: trends in U.S. children aged 9–13 years, 2002–2006. J Phys Act Health 2012, 9:508-515.
• [27]Hesketh K, Wake M, Graham M, Waters E: Stability of television viewing and electronic game/computer use in a prospective cohort study of Australian children: relationship with body mass index. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2007, 4:60. BioMed Central Full Text
• [28]Nelson MC, Neumark-Stzainer D, Hannan PJ, Sirard JR, Story M: Longitudinal and secular trends in physical activity and sedentary behavior during adolescence. Pediatrics 2006, 118:e1627-e1634.
• [29]Boone JE, Gordon-Larsen P, Adair LS, Popkin BM: Screen time and physical activity during adolescence: longitudinal effects on obesity in young adulthood. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2007, 4:26. BioMed Central Full Text
• [30]Samdal O, Leversen I, Torsheim T, Manger MS, Brunborg GS, Wold B: Trender i helse og livsstil blant barn og unge 1985–2005. Bergen: HEMIL-senteret,Universitetet i Bergen; 2009.
• [31]Hoyos CI, Jago R, Sebire S: Individual and social predictors of screen-viewing among Spanish school children. Eur J Pediatr 2010, 170:93-102.
• [32]Bere E, Hilsen M, Klepp KI: Effect of the nationwide free school fruit scheme in Norway. Br J Nutr 2010, 104:589-594.
• [33]Andersen LF, Bere E, Kolbjornsen N, Klepp KI: Validity and reproducibility of self-reported intake of fruit and vegetable among 6th graders. Eur J Clin Nutr 2004, 58:771-777.
• [34]Overby NC, Klepp KI, Bere E: Introduction of a school fruit program is associated with reduced frequency of consumption of unhealthy snacks. Am J Clin Nutr 2012, 96:1100-1103.
• [35]Norwegian Directorate of Health: Physical activity among 6-, 9-, and 15-year olds in Norway. http://helsedirektoratet.no/publikasjoner/fysisk-aktivitet-blant-6-9-og-15-aringer-i-norge/Publikasjoner/fysisk-aktivitet-blant-%206-9-og-15-aringer-i-norge.pdf webcite
• [36]Medienorge. 2011. Availability of personal computers at home. http://medienorge.uib.no/?cat=statistikk&medium=it&queryID=251 webcite
• [37]Anand S, Krosnick JA: Demographic predictors of media use among infants, toddlers, and preschoolers. Am Behav Sci 2005, 48:539-561.
• [38]Hesketh K, Crawford D, Salmon J: Children’s television viewing and objectively measured physical activity: associations with family circumstance. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2006, 3:36. BioMed Central Full Text
• [39]Hesketh K, Ball K, Crawford D, Campbell K, Salmon J: Mediators of the relationship between maternal education and children’s TV viewing. Am J Prev Med 2007, 33:41-47.
• [40]Dregval L, Petrauskiene A: Associations between physical activity of primary school first-graders during leisure time and family socioeconomic status. Medicina (Kaunas) 2009, 45:549-556.
• [41]Leatherdale ST: Factors associated with communication-based sedentary behaviors among youth: are talking on the phone, texting, and instant messaging new sedentary behaviors to be concerned about? J Adolesc Health 2010, 47:315-318.
• [42]Riddoch CJ, Bo AL, Wedderkopp N, Harro M, Klasson-Heggebo L, Sardinha LB, et al.: Physical activity levels and patterns of 9- and 15-yr-old European children. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2004, 36:86-92.