Association of sexual maturation with excess body weight and height in children and adolescents

BMC Pediatrics

Francisco de Assis Guedes de Vasconcelos³  Patrícia de Fragas Hinnig¹  Fernando Adami³  Adair da Silva Lopes²  Jucemar Benedet⁴ 

[1] Departamento de Epidemiologia da Faculdade de Saúde Pública da Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715, Cerqueira César, São Paulo, SP 01246-904, Brazil;Departamento de Educação Física da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Trindade, Santa Catarina 88040900, Florianópolis, Brazil;Departamento de Nutrição da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Trindade, Santa Catarina 88040900, Florianópolis, Brazil;Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação Física, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Trindade, Santa Catarina 88040900, Florianópolis, Brazil

关键词: Adolescent;    Child;    Growth;    Puberty;    Obesity;   

Others  :  1138960
DOI  :  10.1186/1471-2431-14-72

 received in 2013-10-25, accepted in 2014-03-06,  发布年份 2014

【 摘 要 】

Background

Studies addressing the influence of early sexual maturation on the excess of body weight and height of children and adolescents are scarce. The aim of the study was to analyze the association of sexual maturation with excess body weight and height in children and adolescents.

Methods

This was a cross-sectional study performed in Florianópolis city, Brazil, in 2007, with 2339 school children, aged 8–14 years (1107 males). Selection was based on a probabilistic, cluster-stratified sampling technique. School children were classified according to the presence of excess body weight, using sex- and age-specific body mass index (BMI) cutoff points. Z-scores were calculated from height and BMI data. Sexual maturation was self-assessed according to Tanner stages of development. Subjects were ranked based on tertiles of sexual maturation (early, normal and late) for each stage of development. Poisson and linear regression models were used.

Results

Compared to the reference group (normal sexual maturation), early maturing females had higher prevalence of excess weight (adjusted prevalence ratio: 1.70; 95% CI: 1.24 to 2.33) and increased height-for-age (adjusted β: 0.37; 95% CI: 0.14 to 0.59), while late maturing females had lower prevalence of excess weight (adjusted prevalence ratio: 0.57; 95% CI: 0.37 to 0.87) and decreased height-for-age (adjusted β: −0.38; 95% CI: −0.56 to −0.20). In males, early and late sexual maturation were associated with increased (adjusted β: 0.37; 95% CI: 0.14 to 0.59) and decreased (adjusted β: −0.38; 95% CI: −0.56 to −0.20) height-for-age, respectively.

Conclusion

Early sexual maturation is associated with excess body weight in females and with greater height-for-age in both sexes.

【 授权许可】

   
2014 Benedet et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

【 图 表 】

Figure 1.

【 参考文献 】

• [1]Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Kit BK, Flegal KM: Prevalence of obesity in the United States, 2009–2010. NCHS Data Brief 2012, 82:1-8.
• [2]Malik VS, Willett WC, Hu FB: Global obesity: trends, risk factors and policy implications. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2013, 9:13-27.
• [3]Amigo H: Obesidad en el niño en América Latina: situación, criterios de diagnóstico y desafíos. Cad. Saúde Pública 2003, 19:163-170.
• [4]De Onis M, Onyango AW, Borghi E, Siyam A, Nishida C, Siekmann J: Development of a WHO growth reference for school-aged children and adolescents. Bull World Health Organ 2007, 85:660-7.
• [5]Brazil: Pesquisa de orçamentos familiares 2008-2009. In análise do consumo alimentar pessoal no Brasil/IBGE. Rio de Janeiro: IBGE: Coordenação de Trabalho e Rendimento; 2011.
• [6]Solorzano CMB, McCartney CR: Obesity and the pubertal transition in girls and boys. Reproduction 2010, 140:399-410.
• [7]Sweeting HN: Gendered dimensions of obesity in childhood and adolescence. Nutr J 2008, 7:1-14. BioMed Central Full Text
• [8]Himes JH, Obarzanek E, Baranowski T, Wilson DM, Rochon J, Mcclanahan BS: Early sexual maturation, body composition, and obesity in African–American girls. Obes Res 2004, 12:64-72S.
• [9]Wang Y: Is obesity associated with early sexual maturation? A comparison of the association in American boys versus girls. Pediatrics 2002, 110:903-10.
• [10]Ribeiro J, Santos P, Duarte J, Mota J: Association between overweight and early sexual maturation in Portuguese boys and girls. Ann Hum Biol 2006, 33:55-63.
• [11]Onland-Moret NC, Peeters PHM, Van Gils CH, Clavel-Chapelon F, Key T, Tjønneland A, Trichopoulou A, Kaaks R, Manjer J, Panico S, Palli D, Tehard B, Stoikidou M, Bueno-De-Mesquita HB, Boeing H, Overvad K, Lenner P, Quirós JR, Chirlaque MD, Miller AB, Khaw KT, Riboli E: Age at menarche in relation to adult height. Am J Epidemiol 2005, 162:623-32.
• [12]Sandhu J, Shlomo YB, Cole TJ, Holly J, Smith GD: The impact of childhood body mass index on timing of puberty, adult stature and obesity: a follow-up study based on adolescent anthropometry recorded at Christ’s Hospital (1936–1964). Int J Obes 2006, 30:14-22.
• [13]Assis MA, Calvo MC, Kupek , Vasconcelos FAG, Campos VC, Machado M, Costa FF, Andrade DF: Qualitative analysis of the diet of a probabilistic sample of schoolchildren from Florianópolis, Santa Catarina State, Brazil, using the previous day food questionnaire. Cad Saúde Publica 2010, 26:1355-65.
• [14]Bernardo CO, Vasconcelos FAG: Association of parents’ nutritional status, and sociodemographic and dietary factors with overweight/obesity in schoolchildren 7 to 14 years old. Cad. Saúde Pública 2012, 2:291-304.
• [15]Benedet J, Assis MA, Calvo MC, Andrade DF: Overweight in adolescents: exploring potential risk factors. Rev Paul Pediatr 2013, 31:172-81.
• [16]Assis MA, Rolland-Cachera MF, Grosseman S, de Vasconcelos FA, Luna ME, Calvo MC, Barros MV, Pires MM, Bellisle F: Obesity, overweight and thinness in schoolchildren of the city of Florianopolis, Southern Brazil. Eur J Clin Nutr 2005, 59:1015-1021.
• [17]Wang Y, Monteiro C, Popkin BM: Trends of obesity and underweight in older children and adolescence in the United Sates, Brazil, China, and Russia. Am J Clin Nutr 2002, 75:971-977.
• [18]World Health Organization: Physical status: the use and interpretation of anthropometry. Geneva: WHO; 1995.
• [19]Lohman TG, Roche AF, Martorell R: Anthropometric Standardization Reference Manual. Illinois: Human Kinetics Books; 1988.
• [20]Frainer DE, Adami F, Vasconcelos FAG, Assis MAA, Calvo MC, Kerpel R: Standardization and reliability of anthropometric measurements for population surveys. Arch Latinoam Nutr 2007, 57:335-42.
• [21]Cole TJ, Bellizzi MC, Flegal KM, Dietz WH: Establishing a standard definition for child overweight and obesity worldwide: international survey. Br Med J 2000, 320:1-6.
• [22]Malina RM, Bouchard C: Growth, Maturation, And Physical Activity. Champaign, Illinois: Human Kinetics Books; 1991.
• [23]Adami F, Vasconcelos FAG: Obesidade e maturação sexual precoce em escolares de Florianópolis - SC. Rev Bras Epidemiol 2008, 11:549-60.
• [24]World Health Organization: Obesity: Preventing And Managing The Global Epidemic. Report Of A Who Consultation On Obesity. Geneva: WHO; 1998.
• [25]Barros AJ, Hirakata VN: Alternatives for logistic regression in cross-sectional studies: an empirical comparison of models that directly estimate the prevalence ratio. BMC Med Res Methodo. 2003, 20:3-21.
• [26]Kleinbaum D, Kupper L, Nizam A, Muller KE: Applied Regression Analysis and Other Multivariable Methods. Australia: Thomson Brooks/Cole; 2008.
• [27]Biro FM, Mcmahon RP, Striegel-Moore R, Crawford PB, Obarzanek E, Morrison JA, Barton BA, Falkner F: Impact of timing of pubertal maturation on growth in black and white female adolescents: the national heart, lung, and blood institute growth and health study. J Pediatr 2001, 138:636-43.
• [28]Bratberg GH, Nilsen TIL, Holmen TL, Vatten LJ: Early sexual maturation, central adiposity and subsequent overweight in late adolescence. A four-year follow-up of 1605 adolescent Norwegian boys and girls: the Young HUNT study. BMC Public Health 2007, 7:54. BioMed Central Full Text
• [29]Freedman DS, Khan LK, Serdula MK, Dietz WH, Srinivasan SR, Berenson GS: The relation of menarcheal age to obesity in childhood and adulthood: the Bogalusa heart study. BMC Pediatr 2003, 3:1-9. BioMed Central Full Text
• [30]Must A, Naumova EN, Phillips SM, Blum M, Dawson-Hughes B, Rand WM: Childhood overweight and maturational timing in the development of adult overweight and fatness: the Newton girls study and its follow-up. Pediatrics 2005, 116:620-7.
• [31]Pierce MB, Leon DA: Age at menarche and adult BMI in the Aberdeen Children of the 1950s cohort study. Am J Clin Nutr 2005, 81:733-9.
• [32]Demerath EW, Li J, Sun SS, Chumlea WC, Remsberg KE, Czerwinski SA, Towne B, Siervogel RM: Fifty-year trends in serial body mass index during adolescence in girls: the Fels Longitudinal Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2004, 80:441-6.
• [33]Rogol AD, Roemmich JN, Clark PA: Growth at puberty. J Adolesc Health 2002, 32:192-200.
• [34]Van Lenthe FJ, Kemper HCG, Mechelen WV: Rapid maturation in adolescence results in greater obesity in adulthood: the Amsterdam growth and health study. Am J Clin Nutr 1996, 64:18-24.
• [35]Kindblom JM, Lorentzon M, Norjavaara E, Lonn L, Brandberg J, Angelhed JE, Hellqvist A, Nilsson S, Ohlsson C: Pubertal timing is an independent predictor of central adiposity in young adult males: the gothenburg osteoporosis and obesity determinants study. Diabetes 2006, 55:3047-52.
• [36]He Q, Karlberg J: BMI in childhood and its association with height gain, timing of puberty, and final height. Pediatr Res 2001, 49:244-51.
• [37]Karpati AM, Rubin CH, Kieszak SM, Marcus M, Troiano RP: Stature and pubertal stage assessment in American boys: the 1988–1994 third national health and nutrition examination survey. J Adolesc Health 1988–1994, 2002(30):205-212.
• [38]Thankamony A, Ong KK, Ahmed ML, Ness AR, Holly JM, Dunger DB: Higher levels of IGF-I and adrenal androgens at Age 8 years Are associated with earlier Age at menarche in girls. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012, 97:786-790.
• [39]Styne DM: The regulation of pubertal growth. Horm Res 2003, 60(S1):22-6.
• [40]Marcovecchio ML, Chiarelli F: Obesity and growth during childhood and puberty. World Rev Nutr Diet 2013, 106:135-41.
• [41]Veldhuis JD, Roemmich JN, Richmond EJ, Rogol AD, Lovejoy JC, Sheffield-Moore M, Mauras N, Bowers CY: Endocrine control of body composition in infancy, childhood and puberty. Endocr Rev 2005, 26:114-46.
• [42]Matsudo SM, Matsudo VK: Validade da auto- -avaliação da maturação sexual. Rev Bras Ciênc Mov 1991, 5:18-35.
• [43]Chan NP, Sung RY, Kong AP, Goggins WB, So HK, Nelson EA: Reliability of pubertal self-assessment in Hong Kong Chinese children. J Paediatr Child Health 2008, 44:353-8.
• [44]Slora EJ, Bocian AB, Herman-Giddens ME, Harris DL, Pedlow SE, Dowshen SA, Wasserman RC: Assessing inter-rater reliability (IRR) of Tanner staging and orchidometer use with boys: a study from PROS. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2009, 22:291-9.
• [45]De onis M: Update on the implementation of the WHO child growth standards. World Rev Nutr Diet 2013, 106:75-82.