Studies on phytochemical, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of Euphorbia dracunculoides

BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine

Moniba Sajid²  Tahira Younis²  Zartash Zahra²  Anam Sharif²  Shafi Ullah²  Muhammad Asad Farooq²  Ihsan Ul Haq¹  Naseer Ali Shah³  Muhammad Rashid Khan²  Muhammad Majid² 

[1] Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan;Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan;Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan

关键词: Steroids;    Terpenoids;    Analgesic;    Anti-inflammatory;    Antioxidant;    Euphorbia dracunculoides;   

Others  :  1233328
DOI  :  10.1186/s12906-015-0868-0

 received in 2015-06-09, accepted in 2015-09-21,  发布年份 2015

【 摘 要 】

Background

Plants provide an alternative source to manage various human disorders due to diverse metabolites. Euphorbia dracunculoides of family Euphorbiaceae is used by local practitioners in rheumatism, epilepsy, edema, snake bite, warts and also possesses diuretic and purgative effects. The present study evaluated the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of various extracts of E. dracunculoides. Further, phytochemical constituents of the leading extracts were also investigated.

Methods

Dry powder of E. dracunculoides was extracted with n-hexane (EDH), acetone (EDA), ethanol (EDE), ethanol + water (1:1) (EDEW) and methanol (EDM) and screened for phytochemical classes, total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid content (TFC). Antioxidant effects of the extracts were manifested by in vitro multidimensional assays. The anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of the extracts were evaluated through carrageenan induced paw edema and hot plate test in rat. In addition, GC-MS analysis of EDH and HPLC-DAD analysis of EDEW was carried out to determine the presence of active constituents.

Results

Qualitative analysis of various extracts of E. dracunculoides assured the existence of tannins and coumarins while presence of anthraquinones and anthocyanins was not traced in these extracts. Maximum quantity of TPC and TFC was recorded in EDEW followed by EDE. EDEW and EDE showed significant antioxidant activities with therapeutic potential against hydroxyl and phosphomolybdate radicals, β-carotene bleaching assay and in reducing of iron while moderate to low scavenging abilities were recorded for DPPH, nitric oxide and for iron chelation. During anti-inflammatory activity after 4 h of drug administration the 300 mg/kg body weight dose of EDH (68.660 ± 10.502 %) and EDE (51.384 ± 8.623 %) exhibited strong anti-inflammatory activity and reduced the carrageenan-induced paw edema in rat as compared to standard drug diclofenac sodium (78.823 ± 6.395 %). Treatment of rats with EDH (70.206 ± 5.445 %) and EDE (56.508 ± 6.363 %) after 90 min showed significant increase in percent latency time in hot plate test as compared to morphine (63.632 ± 5.449 %) treatment in rat. GC-MS analysis of EDH indicated the presence of 30 compounds predominantly of steroids and terpenoids. HPLC-DAD analysis against known standards established the presence of rutin, catechin, caffeic acid and myricetin in EDEW.

Conclusion

Our results suggest that presence of various polyphenolics, terpenoids and steroids render E. dracunculoides with therapeutic potential for oxidative stress and inflammation related disorders.

【 授权许可】

   
2015 Majid et al.

【 图 表 】

Fig. 1.

Fig. 2.

Fig. 3.

Fig. 4.

Fig. 1.

Fig. 2.

Fig. 3.

Fig. 4.

【 参考文献 】

• [1]Okwu DE, Uchenna NF. Exotic multifaceted medicinal plants of drugs and pharmaceutical industries. Afr J Biotechnol. 2009; 8:25.
• [2]Mahmood A, Mahmood A, Tabassum A. Ethnomedicinal survey of plants from District Sialkot, Pakistan. J App Pharm. 2011; 2:212-20.
• [3]Birben E, Sahiner UM, Sackesen C, Erzurum S, Kalayci O. Oxidative stress and antioxidant defense. World Allergy Organ J. 2012; 5(1):9.
• [4]Shah NA, Khan MR, Naz K, Khan MA. Antioxidant potential, DNA protection, and HPLC-DAD analysis of neglected medicinal Jurinea dolomiaea roots. BioMed Res Int. 2014; 2014:726241.
• [5]Cordell GA. Changing strategies in natural products chemistry. Phytochemistry. 1995; 40(6):1585-612.
• [6]Kang JY, Khan MN, Park NH, Cho JY, Lee MC, Fujii H. Antipyretic, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory activities of the seaweed Sargassum fulvellum and Sargassum thunbergii in mice. J Ethnopharmacol. 2008; 116(1):187-90.
• [7]Jassbi AR. Chemistry and biological activity of secondary metabolites in Euphorbia from Iran. Phytochemistry. 2006; 67(18):1977-84.
• [8]Bigoniya P, Rana A. A comprehensive phyto-pharmacological review of Euphorbia neriifolia Linn. Phcog Rev. 2008; 2(4):57.
• [9]Bani S, Kaul A, Jaggi B, Suri K, Suri O, Sharma O. Anti-inflammatory activity of the hydrosoluble fraction of Euphorbia royleana latex. Fitoterapia. 2000; 71(6):655-62.
• [10]Kumar S, Malhotra R, Kumar D. Euphorbia hirta: Its chemistry, traditional and medicinal uses, and pharmacological activities. Phcog Rev. 2010; 4(7):58.
• [11]Patil SB, Naikwade NS, Magdum CS. Review on phytochemistry and pharmacological aspects of Euphorbia hirta Linn. JPRHC. 2009; 1(1):113-33.
• [12]Barla A, Öztürk M, Kültür Ş, Öksüz S. Screening of antioxidant activity of three Euphorbia species from Turkey. Fitoterapia. 2007; 78(6):423-5.
• [13]Rahman MA, Mossa JS, Al-Said MS, Al-Yahya MA. Medicinal plant diversity in the flora of Saudi Arabia 1: a report on seven plant families. Fitoterapia. 2004; 75(2):149-61.
• [14]Sharma J, Painuli R, Gaur R. Plants used by the rural communities of district Shahjahanpur, Uttar Pradesh. Indian J Tradit Know. 2010; 9(4):798-803.
• [15]Sikarwar R, Bajpai A, Painuli R. Plants used as veterinary medicines by aboriginals of Madhya Pradesh, India. Pharma Biol. 1994; 32(3):251-5.
• [16]Wang L, Ma Y-T, Sun Q-Y, Li X-N, Yan Y, Yang J, Yang F-M, Liu F-Y, Zang Z, Wu X-H. Structurally diversified diterpenoids from Euphorbia dracunculoides. Tetrahedron. 2015; 71(34):5484-93.
• [17]Qurainy F, Khan S, Ali MA, Hemaid M, Ashraf M. Authentication of Ruta graveolens and its adulterant using internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA. Pak J Bot. 2011; 43(3):1613-20.
• [18]Parray SA, Bhat J, Ahmad G, Jahan N, Sofi G, IFS M. Ruta graveolens: from traditional system of medicine to modern pharmacology: an overview. Am J Pharm Tech Res. 2012; 2(2):239-52.
• [19]A guide to modern techniques of plant analysis. 3rd ed. Chapman & Hall Co, New York; 1998.
• [20]Trease GE, Evans EW. Pharmacognosy. 1st ed. Braillar Tiridel Can Macmillian Publishers, London; 1989.
• [21]Kim D-O, Jeong SW, Lee CY. Antioxidant capacity of phenolic phytochemicals from various cultivars of plums. Food chem. 2003; 81(3):321-6.
• [22]Park Y-S, Jung S-T, Kang S-G, Heo BG, Arancibia-Avila P, Toledo F, Drzewiecki J, Namiesnik J, Gorinstein S. Antioxidants and proteins in ethylene-treated kiwifruits. Food Chem. 2008; 107(2):640-8.
• [23]Cha J-D, Jeong M-R, Jeong S-I, Moon S-E, Kim J-Y, Kil B-S, Song Y-H. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oils of Artemisia scoparia and A. capillaris. Planta Med. 2005; 71(2):186-90.
• [24]Zu Y, Li C, Fu Y, Zhao C. Simultaneous determination of catechin, rutin, quercetin kaempferol and isorhamnetin in the extract of sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) leaves by RP-HPLC with DAD. J Pharmaceut Biomed. 2006; 41(3):714-9.
• [25]Brand-Williams W, Cuvelier M, Berset C. Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity. Food Sci Technol-Leb. 1995; 28(1):25-30.
• [26]Halliwell B, Gutteridge JM. Formation of a thiobarbituric-acid-reactive substance from deoxyribose in the presence of iron salts: the role of superoxide and hydroxyl radicals. FEBS Lett. 1981; 128(2):347-52.
• [27]Bhaskar H, Balakrishnan N. In vitro antioxidant property of laticiferous plant species from western ghats Tamilnadu, India. Int J Health Res. 2009; 2:2.
• [28]Dastmalchi K, Dorman HD, Oinonen PP, Darwis Y, Laakso I, Hiltunen R. Chemical composition and in vitro antioxidative activity of a lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.) extract. Food Sci Technol-Leb. 2008; 41(3):391-400.
• [29]Elzaawely AA, Xuan TD, Koyama H, Tawata S. Antioxidant activity and contents of essential oil and phenolic compounds in flowers and seeds of Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) BL Burtt. & RM Sm. Food Chem. 2007; 104(4):1648-53.
• [30]Siddhuraju P, Mohan P, Becker K. Studies on the antioxidant activity of Indian Laburnum (Cassia fistula L.): a preliminary assessment of crude extracts from stem bark, leaves, flowers and fruit pulp. Food Chem. 2002; 79(1):61-7.
• [31]Umamaheswari M, Chatterjee T. In vitro antioxidant activities of the fractions of Coccinia grandis L. leaf extract. Afr J Tradit Complem Med. 2008; 5(1):61-73.
• [32]Winter CA, Risley EA, Nuss GW. Anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities of indo-methacin, 1-(p-chlorobenzoyl)-5-methoxy-2-methyl-indole-3-acetic acid. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1963; 141(3):369-76.
• [33]Muhammad N, Saeed M, Khan H. Antipyretic, analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of Viola betonicifolia whole plant. BMC Complem Altern Med. 2012; 12(1):59. BioMed Central Full Text
• [34]Petrovska BB. Historical review of medicinal plants’ usage. Pharmacogn Rev. 2012; 6(11):1.
• [35]Jones WP, Kinghorn AD. Extraction of plant secondary metabolites. In: Natural products isolation. Volume 20, edn.: Springer; 2005: 323-351.
• [36]Pin K, Chuah AL, Rashih AA, Mazura M, Fadzureena J, Vimala S, et al. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of extracts of betel leaves (Piper betle) from solvents with different polarities. J Trop For Sci. 2010;448–455.
• [37]Shabbir M, Khan MR, Saeed N. Assessment of phytochemicals, antioxidant, anti-lipid peroxidation and anti-hemolytic activity of extract and various fractions of Maytenus royleanus leaves. BMC Complem Altern Med. 2013; 13(1):143. BioMed Central Full Text
• [38]Sahreen S, Khan MR, Khan RA. Comprehensive assessment of phenolics and antiradical potential of Rumex hastatus D. Don. roots. BMC Complem Altern Med. 2014; 14(1):47. BioMed Central Full Text
• [39]Kubola J, Siriamornpun S. Phytochemicals and antioxidant activity of different fruit fractions (peel, pulp, aril and seed) of Thai gac (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng). Food Chem. 2011; 127(3):1138-45.
• [40]Khan MA, Rahman AA, Islam S, Khandokhar P, Parvin S, Islam MB, Hossain M, Rashid M, Sadik G, Nasrin S. A comparative study on the antioxidant activity of methanolic extracts from different parts of Morus alba L.(Moraceae). BMC Res Notes. 2013; 6(1):24. BioMed Central Full Text
• [41]Khan RA, Khan MR, Sahreen S, Ahmed M. Evaluation of phenolic contents and antioxidant activity of various solvent extracts of Sonchus asper (L.) Hill. Chem Cent J. 2012; 6(1):12. BioMed Central Full Text
• [42]Bokhari J, Khan MR, Shabbir M, Rashid U, Jan S, Zai JA. Evaluation of diverse antioxidant activities of Galium aparine. Spectrochim Acta A. 2013; 102:24-9.
• [43]Tan Z, Shahidi F. Antioxidant activity of phytosteryl phenolates in different model systems. Food Chem. 2013; 138(2):1220-4.
• [44]Kohen R, Nyska A. Oxidation of biological systems: oxidative stress phenomena, antioxidants, redox reactions, and methods for their quantification. Toxicol Pathol. 2002; 30(6):620-50.
• [45]Wu N, Kong Y, Fu Y, Zu Y, Yang Z, Yang M, Peng X, Efferth T. In vitro antioxidant properties, DNA damage protective activity, and xanthine oxidase inhibitory effect of cajaninstilbene acid, a stilbene compound derived from pigeon pea Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] leaves. J Agr Food Chem. 2010; 59(1):437-43.
• [46]Kehrer JP. The Haber–Weiss reaction and mechanisms of toxicity. Toxicology. 2000; 149(1):43-50.
• [47]Ahmad B, Khan MR, Shah NA, Khan RA. In vitro antioxidant potential of Dicliptera roxburghiana. BMC Complem Altern Med. 2013; 13(1):140. BioMed Central Full Text
• [48]Duenas M, Hernandez T, Estrella I. Assessment of in vitro antioxidant capacity of the seed coat and the cotyledon of legumes in relation to their phenolic contents. Food Chem. 2006; 98(1):95-103.
• [49]Kilani S, Sghaier MB, Limem I, Bouhlel I, Boubaker J, Bhouri W, Skandrani I, Neffatti A, Ammar RB, Dijoux-Franca MG. In vitro evaluation of antibacterial, antioxidant, cytotoxic and apoptotic activities of the tubers infusion and extracts of Cyperus rotundus. Bioresource Technol. 2008; 99(18):9004-8.
• [50]Prieto P, Pineda M, Aguilar M. Spectrophotometric quantitation of antioxidant capacity through the formation of a phosphomolybdenum complex: specific application to the determination of vitamin E. Anal Biochem. 1999; 269(2):337-41.
• [51]Lee SK, Mbwambo Z, Chung H, Luyengi L, Gamez E, Mehta R, Kinghorn A, Pezzuto J. Evaluation of the antioxidant potential of natural products. Comb Chem High T Scr. 1998; 1(1):35-46.
• [52]Jan S, Khan MR, Rashid U, Bokhari J. Assessment of antioxidant potential, total phenolics and flavonoids of different solvent fractions of Monotheca buxifolia fruit. Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives. 2013; 4(5):246-54.
• [53]Gordon M. The mechanism of antioxidant action in vitro. In: Food antioxidants. edn.: Springer; 1990: 1-18.
• [54]Flower R, Blackwell G. Anti-inflammatory steroids induce biosynthesis of a phospholipase A2 inhibitor which prevents prostaglandin generation. Nature. 1979; 278:456-9.
• [55]Uma B, Yegnanarayan R, Pophale P, Zambare M, Somani R. Antinociceptive evaluation of an ethanol extract of Achyranthes aspera (agadha) in animal models of nociception. Int J Phyto. 2010; 2:4.
• [56]Barnes PJ, Adcock I, Spedding M, Vanhoutte PM. Anti-inflammatory actions of steroids: molecular mechanisms. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 1993; 14(12):436-41.
• [57]Gomez M, Saenz M, Garcia M, Fernandez M. Study of the topical anti-inflammatory activity of Achillea ageratum on chronic and acute inflammation models. Z Naturforsch C. 1999; 54(11):937-41.
• [58]Conforti F, Sosa S, Marrelli M, Menichini F, Statti GA, Uzunov D, Tubaro A, Menichini F, Della Loggia R. In vivo anti-inflammatory and in vitro antioxidant activities of Mediterranean dietary plants. J Ethnopharmacol. 2008; 116(1):144-51.
• [59]Shah SMM, Sadiq A, Shah SMH, Ullah F. Antioxidant, total phenolic contents and antinociceptive potential of Teucrium stocksianum methanolic extract in different animal models. BMC Complem Alten Med. 2014; 14(1):181. BioMed Central Full Text
• [60]Afsar T, Khan MR, Razak S, Ullah S, Mirza B. Antipyretic, anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of Acacia hydaspica R. Parker and its phytochemical analysis. BMC Complem Altern Med. 2015; 15(1):136. BioMed Central Full Text
• [61]Bokhari J, Khan MR, Haq IU. Assessment of phytochemicals, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory potential of Boerhavia procumbens Banks ex Roxb. Toxicol Ind Health. 2015;0748233714567183.
• [62]Bokhari J, Khan MR. Evaluation of anti-asthmatic and antioxidant potential of Boerhavia procumbens in toluene diisocyanate (TDI) treated rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 2015; 172:377-85.
• [63]Mondal H, Saha S, Awang K, Hossain H, Ablat A, Islam MK, Jahan IA, Sadhu SK, Hossain MG, Shilpi JA, Uddin SJ. Central-stimulating and analgesic activity of the ethanolic extract of Alternanthera sessilis in mice. BMC Complem Altern Med. 2014; 14:398. BioMed Central Full Text
• [64]Backhouse N, Rosales L, Apablaza C, Goïty L, Erazo S, Negrete R, Theodoluz C, Rodríguez J, Delporte C. Analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of Buddleja globosa, Buddlejaceae. J Ethnopharmacol. 2008; 116(2):263-9.