A cross-sectional study of low physical fitness, self-rated fitness and psychosocial factors in a sample of Finnish 18- to 64-year-old men

BMC Public Health

Marita Poskiparta²  Jyrki Komulainen¹  Jari Villberg²  Kirsti Kasila²  Karoliina S Kaasalainen² 

[1] Fit for Life Program, Viitaniementie 15a, FIN-40720, Jyväskylä, FIN-40720, Finland;Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, P.O.Box 35 (L) FI-40014, Jyväskylä, Finland

关键词: Men;    Middle-aged;    Psychosocial factors;    Motivation;    Physical activity;    Physical fitness;   

Others  :  1161518
DOI  :  10.1186/1471-2458-13-1113

 received in 2013-06-13, accepted in 2013-11-26,  发布年份 2013

【 摘 要 】

Background

The biological risk factors of inactivity and poor cardiorespiratory fitness are well established. However, risk groups are hard to reach and they may have misperceptions of their need for change. This study explored self-ratings of physical fitness (PF) and the relationship between objectively estimated physical fitness (PFI) and psychosocial factors among Finnish men of working-age.

Methods

Cross-sectional data on 899 Finnish men (aged 18–64) were collected in 2011. Health- related physical fitness was evaluated with a physical fitness index calculated from the results of selected fitness tests. The men were subsequently classified into three groups: low, moderate and high PFI. Psychosocial factors and self-rated fitness were elicited in the questionnaire. The data were analysed with crosstabulations, chi square-test and logistic regression analysis.

Results

One-fifth of the participants had low PFI. Forty-five per cent of the low-fit middle-aged (35–49 years) men self-reported poor PF, while 80 per cent of the younger (18–34 years) low-fit men self-reported moderate or good PF. The health benefits and recommended dose of physical activity were well known in all the PFI categories. The low-fit men were health conscious, but lacked adequate exercise skills, self-efficacy and social support. However, logistic regressions revealed that, in the younger men, likelihood of better knowledge was not related to higher PFI. Among the 50-to-64-year-old men, high PFI was not associated with a higher social support.

Conclusions

Poor exercise skills, self-efficacy and social support were related to low PFI. Physical activity promotion for low-fit men should take into account age differences in the relationship between psychosocial factors and physical fitness. Thus, new and effective ways to establish social support and motivation for physical activity among low-fit men in all working-age groups are needed. Further research is also warranted on whether estimation of PFI could be used as a practical health counselling tool.

【 授权许可】

   
2013 Kaasalainen et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

【 参考文献 】

• [1]Borodulin K, Laatikainen T, Lahti-Koski M, Lakka TA, Laukkanen R, Sarna S, Jousilahti P: Associations between estimated aerobic fitness and cardiovascular risk factors in adults with different levels of abdominal obesity. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2005, 12(2):126-131.
• [2]Lee I, Shiroma EJ, Lobelo F, Puska P, Blair SN, Katzmarzyk PT: Effect of physical inactivity on major non-communicable diseases worldwide: an analysis of burden of disease and life expectancy. Lancet 2012, 380(9838):219-229.
• [3]Williams PT: Physical fitness and activity as separate heart disease risk factors: a meta-analysis. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2001, 33(5):754-761.
• [4]Sassen B, Kok G, Schaalma H, Kiers H, Vanhees L: Cardiovascular risk profile: cross-sectional analysis of motivational determinants, physical fitness and physical activity. BMC Public Health 2010, 10: . 592-2458-10-592
• [5]Hallal PC, Andersen LB, Bull FC, Guthold R, Haskell W, Ekelund U: Global physical activity levels: surveillance progress, pitfalls, and prospects. Lancet 2012, 380(9838):247-257.
• [6]World Health Organisation: Estimated Overweight and Obesity (BMI > 25kg/m2) Prevalence, Males, Aged 15+. The WHO global infobase; 2010. https://apps.who.int/infobase/Index.aspx webcite
• [7]Lee S, Kuk JL, Katzmarzyk PT, Blair SN, Church TS, Ross R: Cardiorespiratory Fitness Attenuates Metabolic Risk Independent of Abdominal Subcutaneous and Visceral Fat in Men. Diabetes Care 2005, 28(4):895-901.
• [8]Bouchard C, Shephard R, Stephens T: Physical activity, fitness, and health: International proceedings and consensus statetement. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics; 1994.
• [9]Huotari P: Physical fitness and leisure-time physical activity in adolescence and in adulthood: a 25-year secular trend and follow-up study. Jyväskylä: LIKES - Research Center for Sport and Health Sciences; 2012.
• [10]Husu P, Paronen O, Suni J, Vasankari T: Physical activity and fitness of Finns in 2010.Current status and changes in health-enhancing physical activity. Helsinki: Publications of Ministry of Education and Culture 15; 2011. http://www.minedu.fi/export/sites/default/OPM/Julkaisut/2011/liitteet/OKM15.pdf webcite
• [11]Helakorpi S, Prättälä R, Uutela A: Health behaviour and health among the Finnish adult population, spring 2010. Helsinki: National Institute of Health and Welfare; 2011.
• [12]George E, Kolt G, Duncan M, Caperchione C, Mummery WK, Vandelanotte C, Taylor P, Noakes M: A Review of the Effectiveness of Physical Activity Interventions for Adult Males. Sports Med 2012, 42(4):281-300.
• [13]Vandelanotte C, Duncan MJ, Hanley C, Mummery WK: Identifying population subgroups at risk for underestimating weight health risks and overestimating physical activity health benefits. J Health Psychol 2011, 16(5):760-769.
• [14]Fjeldsoe B, Neuhaus M, Winkler E, Eakin E: Systematic review of maintenance of behavior change following physical activity and dietary interventions. Health Psychol 2011, 30(1):99-109.
• [15]Lechner L, Bolman C, Van Dijke M: Factors related to misperception of physical activity in The Netherlands and implications for health promotion programmes. Health Promot Int 2006, 21:104-112.
• [16]Van Sluijs E, Griffin SJ, Van Poppel M: A cross-sectional study of awareness of physical activity: associations with personal, behavioral and psychosocial factors. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2007, 4:53. BioMed Central Full Text
• [17]Watkinson C, Van Sluijs E, Sutton S, Hardeman W, Corder K, Griffin SJ: Overestimation of physical activity level is associated with lower BMI: a cross-sectional analysis. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2010, 7:68. BioMed Central Full Text
• [18]Proper KI, van der Beek AJ, Hildebrandt VH, Twisk JWR, Van Mechelen W: Short term effect of feedback on fitness and health measurements on self-reported appraisal of the stage of change. Br J Sports Med 2003, 37(6):529-534.
• [19]Aittasalo M, Miilunpalo S, Suni J: The effectiveness of physical activity counseling in a work-site setting: A randomized, controlled trial. Patient Educ Couns 2004, 55(2):193-202.
• [20]Rhodes RE, De Bruijn G: How big is the physical activity intention-behaviour gap? A meta-analysis using the action control framework. Br J Health Psychol 2013, 18(2):296-309.
• [21]Bauman AE, Reis RS, Sallis JF, Wells JC, Loos RJ, Martin BW: Lancet Physical Activity Series Working Group: Correlates of physical activity: why are some people physically active and others not? Lancet 2012, 380(9838):258-271.
• [22]Glanz K, Bishop DB: The Role of Behavioral Science Theory in Development and Implementation of Public Health Interventions. Annu Rev Public Health 2010, 31(1):399-418.
• [23]De Bruijn GJ, Rhodes RE: Exploring exercise behavior, intention and habit strength relationships. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2011, 21(3):482-491.
• [24]Allender S, Cowburn G, Foster C: Understanding participation in sport and physical activity among children and adults: a review of qualitative studies. Health Educ Res 2006, 21(6):826-835.
• [25]Armitage CJ, Conner M: Efficacy of the Theory of Planned Behaviour: a meta-analytic review. Br J Soc Psychol 2001, 40(Pt 4):471-499.
• [26]Rhodes RE, Nigg CR: Advancing physical activity theory: a review and future directions. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2011, 39(3):113-119.
• [27]Bandura A: Self-efficacy: the exercise of control. New York: Freeman; cop; 1997.
• [28]Cerin E, Leslie E, Sugiyama T, Owen N: Perceived barriers to leisure-time physical activity in adults: an ecological perspective. J Phys Act Health 2010, 7(4):451-459.
• [29]Teixeira P, Silva M, Mata J, Palmeira A, Markland D: Motivation, self-determination, and long-term weight control. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2012, 9(1):22. BioMed Central Full Text
• [30]Teixeira P, Carraca E, Markland D, Silva M, Ryan R: Exercise, physical activity, and self-determination theory: A systematic review. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2012, 9(1):78. BioMed Central Full Text
• [31]Duz S, Kocak M, Korkusuz F: Evaluation of body composition using three different methods compared to dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Eur J Sport Sci 2009, 9(3):181-190.
• [32]Rantanen T, Masaki K, He Q, Ross GW, Willcox BJ, White L: Midlife muscle strength and human longevity up to age 100 years: a 44-year prospective study among a decedent cohort. Age (Dordr) 2012, 34(3):563-570.
• [33]Heiskanen J, Komulainen J, Kulmala J, Malvela M, Oksanen H, Suutari A, Väisänen K: Adventures of Joe Finn-campaing. Results from the fitness tests, 2011 (in Finnish). [SuomiMies seikkailee -rekkakiertueen 2011 kuntotestien tulosraportti]. Jyväskylä: LIKES Research Center for Sport and Health Sciences; 2012:254. http://www.kki.likes.fi/pages/UserFiles/File/Materiaalit/SuomiMies_tulosraportti_netti.pdf webcite
• [34]Borodulin K: Physical activity, fitness, abdominal obesity and cardiovascular risk factors in Finnish men and women. The National FINRISK 2002 Study. Thesis. Publications of the National Public Health Institute A1/2006. Helsinki: National Public Health Institute; 2006.
• [35]Shvartz E, Reibold R: Aerobic fitness norms for males and females aged 6 to 75 years: a review. Aviat Space Environ Med 1990, 61(1):3-11.
• [36]Borodulin K, Lakka T, Laatikainen T, Laukkanen R, Kinnunen H, Jousilahti P: Associations of Self-rated fitness and Different Types of Leisure Time Physical Activity With Predicted Aerobic Fitness in 5979 Finnish Adults. J Phys Act Health 2004, 1:2.
• [37]Kinnunen H, Vainamo K, Hautala A, Makikallio T, Tulppo M, Nissila S: Artificial neural network in predicting maximal aerobic power. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2000, 32:S1535.
• [38]O’Donovan G, Kearney E, Sherwood R, Hillsdon M: Fatness, fitness, and cardiometabolic risk factors in middle-aged white men. Metab Clin Exp 2012, 61(2):213-220.
• [39]Smith SR, Lovejoy JC, Greenway F, Ryan D, De Jonge L, De la Bretonne J: Contributions of total body fat, abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue compartments, and visceral adipose tissue to the metabolic complications of obesity. Metabolism 2001, 50:425-435.
• [40]Hankonen N: Psychosocial processes of health behaviour change in a lifestyle intervention: influences of gender, socioeconomic status and personality. Helsinki: National Institute for Health and Welfare; 2011.
• [41]Kaasalainen K, Kasila K, Komulainen J, Villberg J, Poskiparta M: Exercise health literacy among working aged men – relationship to physical activity and physical fitness. Liikunta ja tiede 2011, 48(1):42-48.
• [42]Korkiakangas E: Factors affecting exercise motivation in adults PhD Thesis. Oulu: University of Oulu; 2010.
• [43]Marcus B, Forsyth L: Motivating people to be physically active. 2nd edition. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics; cop; 2009.
• [44]Vähäsarja K, Salmela S, Villberg J, Rintala P, Vanhala M, Saaristo T, Peltonen M, Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi S, Korpi-Hyovalti E, Kujala U, Moilanen L, Niskanen L, Oksa H, Poskiparta M: Perceived need to increase physical activity levels among adults at high risk of type 2 diabetes. A cross-sectional analysis within a community-based diabetes prevention project FIN-D2D. BMC Public Health 2012, 12(1):514. BioMed Central Full Text
• [45]Rhodes RE, Dean RN: Understanding Physical Inactivity: Prediction of Four Sedentary Leisure Behaviors. Leis Sci 2009, 31(2):124-135.
• [46]Berge JM: How significant is the ’significant other’? Associations between significant others’ health behaviors and attitudes and young adults’ health outcomes. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2012, 9:35. BioMed Central Full Text
• [47]Luszczynska A, Schwarzer R, Lippke S, Mazurkiewicz M: Self-efficacy as a moderator of the planning-behaviour relationship in interventions designed to promote physical activity. Psychol Health 2011, 26(2):151-166.
• [48]Cotter KA, Lachman ME: Psychosocial and behavioural contributors to health: Age-related increases in physical disability are reduced by physical fitness. Psychol Health 2010, 25(7):805-820.
• [49]Williams D, Lewis B, Dunsiger S, Whiteley J, Papandonatos G, Napolitano M, Bock B, Ciccolo J, Marcus B: Comparing Psychosocial Predictors of Physical Activity Adoption and Maintenance. Ann Behav Med 2008, 36(2):186-194.
• [50]Van Der Aa N, Bartels M, Te Velde SJ, Boomsma DI, De Geus EJC, Brug J: Genetic and environmental influences on individual differences in sedentary behavior during adolescence: A twin-family study. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2012, 166(6):509-514.
• [51]Rankinen T, Bouchard C: Gene-Physical Activity Interactions: Overview of Human Studies. Obesity 2008, 16(S3):S47-S50.
• [52]Williams SL, French DP: What are the most effective intervention techniques for changing physical activity self-efficacy and physical activity behaviour-and are they the same? Health Educ Res 2011, 26:308-322.
• [53]Westerterp KR: Assessment of physical activity: a critical appraisal. Eur J Appl Physiol 2009, 105(6):823-828.
• [54]Mikkelsson L, Kaprio J, Kautiainen H, Kujala UM, Nupponen H: Associations between self-estimated and measured physical fitness among 40-year-old men and women. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2005, 15(5):329-335.
• [55]Plowman S: Physical Activity and Physical Fitness: Weighing the Relative Importance of Each. J Phys Act Health 2005, 2(2):143-158.