Mental health in women experiencing preterm birth

BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth

Trond H Diseth¹  Per Nerdrum²  Aud R Misund¹ 

[1] Department of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, PO Box 1171 Blindern, 0318 Oslo, Norway;Faculty of Health Sciences, University College of Oslo and Akershus, PO Box. 4 St. Olavs plass, N-0130 Oslo, Norway

关键词: PTSR;    Psychological distress;    Preterm birth;    Depression;    Anxiety;   

Others  :  1125700
DOI  :  10.1186/1471-2393-14-263

 received in 2014-07-03, accepted in 2014-08-05,  发布年份 2014

【 摘 要 】

Background

The aim of the study was to explore the degree of psychological distress, anxiety, and trauma related stress reactions in mothers who experience preterm birth. Secondarily, we wanted to identify possible predictors of maternal mental health problems.

Methods

Twenty-nine mothers of 35 premature children born before 33rd week of pregnancy were assessed within two weeks after given birth. The standardized psychometric methods; Impact of Event Scale (IES), General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) and State Anxiety Inventory (STAI) assessed mental health problems. The predictors for maternal distress, anxiety, and trauma related stress reactions were pregnancy variables, preterm delivery, Gestation Age, maternal trait anxiety and parity. In addition, maternal prevalence of mental health problems was assessed by clinical diagnoses.

Results

Our study revealed a high prevalence (52%) of posttraumatic stress responses in the mothers.

Conclusions

Our results suggest an early examination of mothers’ psychological reactions to preterm birth at the maternity ward. An early intervention should be considered while the child still is in the neonatal intensive care unit.

【 授权许可】

   
2014 Misund et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

【 参考文献 】

• [1]Zaers S, Waschke M, Ehlert U: Depressive symptoms and symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder in women after childbirth. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol 2008, 29(1):61-71.
• [2]Calam R, Lambrenos K, Cox A, Weindling A: Maternal appraisal of information given around the time of preterm delivery. J Reprod Infant Psychol 1999, 17(3):267-280.
• [3]Hammen C, Brennan PA, Shih JH: Family discord and stress predictors of depression and other disorders in adolescent children of depressed and nondepressed women. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2004, 43(8):994-1002.
• [4]Goodman S, Rouse M, Connell A, Broth M, Hall C, Heyward D: Maternal depression and child psychopathology: a meta-analytic review. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 2011, 14(1):1-27.
• [5]Spear ML, Leef K, Epps S, Locke R: Family reactions during infants’ hospitalization in the neonatal intensive care unit. Am J Perinatol 2002, 19(04):205,214.
• [6]Hughes M, McCollum J, Sheftel D, Sanchez G: How parents cope with the experience of neonatal intensive care. Child Health Care 1994, 23(1):1-14.
• [7]Seideman RY, Watson MA, Corff KE, Odle P, Haase J, Bowerman JL: Parent stress and coping in NICU and PICU. J Pediatr Nurs 1997, 12(3):169-177.
• [8]Kaaresen PI, Rønning JA, Ulvund SE, Dahl LB: A randomized, controlled trial of the effectiveness of an early-intervention program in reducing parenting stress after preterm birth. Pediatrics 2006, 118:9-19.
• [9]Singer LT, Salvator A, Guo S, Collin M, Lilien L, Baley J: Maternal psychological distress and parenting stress after the birth of a very low-birth-weight infant. JAMA 1999, 281(9):799-805.
• [10]Vigod SN, Villegas L, Dennis CL, Ross LE: Prevalence and risk factors for postpartum depression among women with preterm and low-birth-weight infants: a systematic review. BJOG 2010, 117(5):540-550.
• [11]Achenbach TM: A nine-year outcome of the Vermont Intervention Program for low birth weight infants. Pediatrics 1993, 91(1):45-55.
• [12]Kersting A, Dorsch M, Wesselmann U, Ludorff K, Witthaut J, Ohrmann P, Hornig-Franz I, Klockenbusch W, Harms E, Arolt V: Maternal posttraumatic stress response after the birth of a very low-birth-weight infant. J Psychosom Res 2004, 57(5):473-476.
• [13]Bhutta AT, Cleves MA, Casey PH, Cradock MM, Anand KS: Cognitive and behavioral outcomes of school-aged children who were born preterm: a meta-analysis. JAMA 2002, 288(6):728-737.
• [14]Beck CT: The effects of postpartum depression on maternal-infant interaction: a meta-analysis. Nurs Res 1995, 44(5):298-304.
• [15]Rahman A, Iqbal Z, Bunn J, Lovel H, Harrington RH: Impact of maternal depression on infant nutritional status and illness: a cohort study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2004, 61(9):946-952.
• [16]Halligan SL, Murray L, Martins C, Cooper PJ: Maternal depression and psychiatric outcomes in adolescent offspring: a 13-year longitudinal study. J Affect Disord 2007, 97(1):145-154.
• [17]Lyons-Ruth K, Wolfe R, Lyubchik A, Steingard R: Depressive Symptoms in Parents of Children under Age 3: Sociodemographic Predictors, Current Correlates, and Associated Parenting Behaviors. In Child Rearing in America: Challenges Facing Parents with Young Children. edn. Edited by Halfon N, McLearn KT, Schuster MA. NewYork: Cambrigde University Press; 2002:217-259.
• [18]Poobalan A, Aucott L, Ross L, Smith W, Helms P, Williams J: Effects of treating postnatal depression on mother-infant interaction and child development: systematic review. Br J Psychiatry 2007, 191(5):378-386.
• [19]Mv P, Wolf H, Schultz WW, Neeleman J, Aarnoudse J: Posttraumatic stress disorder following preeclampsia and HELLP syndrome. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol 2004, 25(3–4):183-187.
• [20]Jotzo M, Poets CF: Helping parents cope with the trauma of premature birth: an evaluation of a trauma-preventive psychological intervention. Pediatrics 2005, 115(4):913-919.
• [21]Muller-Nix C, Forcada-Guex M, Pierrehumbert B, Jaunin L, Borghini A, Ansermet F: Prematurity, maternal stress and mother-child interactions. Early Hum Dev 2004, 79(2):145-158.
• [22]Pierrehumbert B, Nicole A, Muller-Nix C, Forcada-Guex M, Ansermet F: Parental post-traumatic reactions after premature birth: implications for sleeping and eating problems in the infant. Arch Dis Child 2003, 88(5):400-404.
• [23]Solhaug M, Bjõrk I, Sandtrõ H: Staff perception one year after implementation of the the newborn individualized developmental care and assessment program (NIDCAP). J Pediatr Nurs 2010, 25(2):89-97.
• [24]Horowitz MJ, Wilner N, Alvarez W: Impact of event scale: a measure of subjective stress. Psychosom Med 1979, 41(3):209-218.
• [25]Sundin EC, Horowitz MJ: Horowitz’s impact of event scale evaluation of 20 years of use. Psychosom Med 2003, 65(5):870-876.
• [26]Goldberg D, Williams P: A User’s Guide to the General Health Questionnaire. London: Nfer-Nelson; 1991.
• [27]Malt U: The validity of the general health questionnaire in a sample of accidentally injured adults. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1989, 80:103-112.
• [28]Goodwin L, Ben-Zion I, Fear NT, Hotopf M, Stansfeld SA, Wessely S: Are reports of psychological stress higher in occupational studies? A systematic review across occupational and population based studies. PLoS ONE 2013, 8(11):e78693.
• [29]Spielberger CD, Goursch RL, Luschene RE: STAI Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. California: Palo Alto: Consulting Psychologists Press; 1970.
• [30]Organization WH: The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders: Clinical Descriptions and Diagnostic Guidelines. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1992.
• [31]Kringlen E: Trekk fra internasjonal psykiatrisk epidemiologi. Norwegian J Epidemiol 2002, 12(3):173-179.
• [32]Kringlen E, Torgersen S, Cramer V: A Norwegian psychiatric epidemiological study. Am J Psychiatr 2001, 158(7):1091-1098.
• [33]Dalgard OS: Psykiatrisk epidemiologi i Norge–et historisk tilbakeblikk. Norwegian J Epidemiol 2002, 12(3):163-172.
• [34]Kringlen E: Psykiatri, vol. 9 utg. Oslo: Gyldendal akademisk; 2008.
• [35]Skari H, Skreden M, Malt UF, Dalholt M, Ostensen AB, Egeland T, Emblem R: Comparative levels of psychological distress, stress symptoms, depression and anxiety after childbirth—a prospective population-based study of mothers and fathers. BJOG 2002, 109(10):1154-1163.
• [36]Holditch-Davis D, Miles MS, Weaver MA, Black B, Beeber L, Thoyre S, Engelke S: Patterns of distress in African American mothers of preterm infants. J Dev Behav Pediatr 2009, 30(3):193.
• [37]Skari H, Malt UF, Bjornland K, Egeland T, Haugen G, Skreden M, Dalholt Björk M, Bjornstad Ostensen A, Emblem R: Prenatal diagnosis of congenital malformations and parental psychological distress—a prospective longitudinal cohort study. Prenat Diagn 2006, 26(11):1001-1009.
• [38]Kaasen A, Helbig A, Malt U, Næs T, Skari H, Haugen G: Acute maternal social dysfunction, health perception and psychological distress after ultrasonographic detection of a fetal structural anomaly. BJOG 2010, 117(9):1127-1138.
• [39]Alhusen JL: A literature update on maternal-fetal attachment. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs 2008, 37(3):315-328.
• [40]Salisbury A, Law K, LaGasse L, Lester B: Maternal-fetal attachment. JAMA 2003, 289(13):1701.
• [41]Pederson DR, Bento S, Chance GW, Evans B, Fox AM: Maternal emotional responses to preterm birth. Am J Orthopsychiatry 1987, 57(1):15-21.
• [42]Brisch KH, Bechinger D, Betzler S, Heinemann H: Early preventive attachment-oriented psychotherapeutic intervention program with parents of a very low birthweight premature infant: results of attachment and neurological development. Attach Hum Dev 2003, 5(2):120-135.
• [43]Korenromp M, Page-Christiaens G, van den Bout J, Mulder E, Hunfeld J, Potters C, Erwich J, van Binsbergen C, Brons J, Beekhuis J, Omtzigt AWJ, Visser OHA: A prospective study on parental coping 4 months after termination of pregnancy for fetal anomalies. Prenat Diagn 2007, 27(8):709-716.
• [44]Brisch KH, Kerr C: Maternal fear of loss and infant anxiety of physical pain: Special triggers in mothers and former preterm infant. 5th International Attachment Conference-IAC: 19–21 August 2011; Oslo, Norway 2011.
• [45]Bowlby J: Attachment and Loss: Volume 1: Attachment, vol. 79. 1969.
• [46]Czarnocka J, Slade P: Prevalence and predictors of post-traumatic stress symptoms following childbirth. Br J Clin Psychol 2000, 39(1):35-51.
• [47]DeMier RL, Hynan MT, Hatfield RF, Varner MW, Harris HB, Manniello RL: A measurement model of perinatal stressors: identifying risk for postnatal emotional distress in mothers of high-risk infants. J Clin Psychol 2000, 56(1):89-100.
• [48]Rep A, Ganzevoort W, Bonsel GJ, Wolf H, de Vries JI: Psychosocial impact of early-onset hypertensive disorders and related complications in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2007, 197(2):158. e1-6
• [49]Gennaro S, Brooten D, Roncoli M, Kumar SP: Stress and health outcomes among mothers of low-birth-weight infants. West J Nurs Res 1993, 15(1):97-113.
• [50]Philipp C: The role of recollected anxiety in parental adaptation to low birthweight infants. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 1983, 13(4):239-248.
• [51]Redshaw M: Mothers of babies requiring special care: attitudes and experiences. J Reprod Infant Psychol 1997, 15(2):109-120.
• [52]Blom EA, Jansen PW, Verhulst FC, Hofman A, Raat H, Jaddoe VWV, Coolman M, Steegers EAP, Tiemeier H: Perinatal complications increase the risk of postpartum depression. The Generation R Study. BJOG 2010, 117(11):1390-1398.