The duration of sleep promoting efficacy by dual orexin receptor antagonists is dependent upon receptor occupancy threshold

BMC Neuroscience

John J Renger³  Paul J Coleman⁴  Jason Uslaner²  Scott D Kuduk⁴  Leon Yao²  Terrence McDonald³  Spencer J Tye²  Pamela L Tannenbaum²  Alan Savitz²  Joanne Stevens²  Mark Stiteler²  Ka Lai Yee¹  Donghui Cui¹  Charles M Harrell³  Jacquelyn Binns²  Steven V Fox²  Susan L Garson³  Joseph Brunner³  Christopher J Winrow³  Anthony L Gotter³ 

[1] Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA, USA;Department of In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA, USA;Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA, USA;Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA, USA

关键词: Residual effects;    Receptor occupancy;    Suvorexant;    Dual orexin receptor antagonist;   

Others  :  1140146
DOI  :  10.1186/1471-2202-14-90

 received in 2013-04-24, accepted in 2013-08-21,  发布年份 2013

【 摘 要 】

Background

Drugs targeting insomnia ideally promote sleep throughout the night, maintain normal sleep architecture, and are devoid of residual effects associated with morning sedation. These features of an ideal compound are not only dependent upon pharmacokinetics, receptor binding kinetics, potency and pharmacodynamic activity, but also upon a compound’s mechanism of action.

Results

Dual orexin receptor antagonists (DORAs) block the arousal-promoting activity of orexin peptides and, as demonstrated in the current work, exhibit an efficacy signal window dependent upon oscillating levels of endogenous orexin neuropeptide. Sleep efficacy of structurally diverse DORAs in rat and dog was achieved at plasma exposures corresponding to orexin 2 receptor (OX₂R) occupancies in the range of 65 to 80%. In rats, the time course of OX₂R occupancy was dependent upon receptor binding kinetics and was tightly correlated with the timing of active wake reduction. In rhesus monkeys, direct comparison of DORA-22 with GABA-A modulators at similar sleep-inducing doses revealed that diazepam produced next-day residual sleep and both diazepam and eszopiclone induced next-day cognitive deficits. In stark contrast, DORA-22 did not produce residual effects. Furthermore, DORA-22 evoked only minimal changes in quantitative electroencephalogram (qEEG) activity during the normal resting phase in contrast to GABA-A modulators which induced substantial qEEG changes.

Conclusion

The higher levels of receptor occupancy necessary for DORA efficacy require a plasma concentration profile sufficient to maintain sleep for the duration of the resting period. DORAs, with a half-life exceeding 8 h in humans, are expected to fulfill this requirement as exposures drop to sub-threshold receptor occupancy levels prior to the wake period, potentially avoiding next-day residual effects at therapeutic doses.

【 授权许可】

   
2013 Gotter et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

【 图 表 】

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