Sustaining control of schistosomiasis mansoni in moderate endemicity areas in western Côte d’Ivoire: a SCORE study protocol

BMC Public Health

Jürg Utzinger³  Eliézer K N’Goran⁶  Alan Fenwick²  Aboulaye Meïté⁵  Mamadou Ouattara¹  Jean T Coulibaly⁶  Patrick K Yao¹  Yves-Nathan T Tian-Bi¹  Ahoua Yapi¹  Nicaise A N’Guessan¹  Stefanie Knopp⁴  Rufin K Assaré⁶ 

[1] Unité de Formation et de Recherche Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, 22 BP 770, Abidjan, 22, Côte d’Ivoire;Schistosomiasis Control Initiative, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, VB1 Norfolk Place, St. Mary’s Campus, London W2 1PG, UK;University of Basel, P.O. Box, Basel, CH–4003, Switzerland;Wolfson Wellcome Biomedical Laboratories, Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK;Programme National de Lutte contre la Schistosomiase, les Géohelminthiases et la Filariose Lymphatique, Ministère de la Santé et de l’Hygiène Publique, 06 BP 6394, Abidjan, 06, Côte d’Ivoire;Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire, 01 BP 1303, Abidjan, 01, Côte d’Ivoire

关键词: SCORE;    Côte d’Ivoire;    Intensity of infection;    Prevalence;    Praziquantel;    Preventive chemotherapy;    Morbidity control;    Control;    Schistosoma mansoni;    Schistosomiasis;   

Others  :  1092083
DOI  :  10.1186/1471-2458-14-1290

 received in 2014-08-26, accepted in 2014-12-10,  发布年份 2014

【 摘 要 】

Background

Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease that occurs in the tropics and subtropics. The mainstay of control is preventive chemotherapy with praziquantel. In Africa, an estimated 230 million people require preventive chemotherapy. In western Côte d’Ivoire, infections with Schistosoma mansoni are widespread. To provide an evidence-base for programme decisions about preventive chemotherapy to sustain control of schistosomiasis, a 5-year multi-country study with different treatment arms has been designed by the Schistosomiasis Consortium for Operational Research and Evaluation (SCORE) and is currently being implemented in various African settings, including Côte d’Ivoire.

Methods/Design

We report the study protocol, including ethics statement and insight from a large-scale eligibility survey carried out in four provinces in western Côte d’Ivoire. The study protocol has been approved by the ethics committees of Basel and Côte d’Ivoire. A total of 12,110 children, aged 13–14 years, from 264 villages were screened for S. mansoni using duplicate Kato-Katz thick smears from single stool samples. Among the schools with a S. mansoni prevalence of 10-24%, 75 schools were selected and randomly assigned to one of three treatment arms. In each school, three stool samples are being collected from 100 children aged 9–12 years annually and one stool sample from 100 first-year students at baseline and in the final year and subjected to duplicate Kato-Katz thick smears. Cost and coverage data for the different intervention arms, along with environmental, political and other characteristics that might impact on the infection prevalence and intensity will be recorded in each study year, using a pretested village inventory form.

Discussion

The study will document changes in S. mansoni infection prevalence and intensity according to different treatment schemes. Moreover, factors that determine the effectiveness of preventive chemotherapy will be identified. These factors will help to develop reasonable measures of force of transmission that can be used to make decisions about the most cost-effective means of lowering prevalence, intensity and transmission in a given setting. The gathered information and results will inform how to effectively sustain control of schistosomiasis at a low level in different social-ecological contexts.

Trial registration

ISRCTN99401114 (date assigned: 12 November 2014).

【 授权许可】

   
2014 Assaré et al.; licensee BioMed Central.

【 图 表 】

Figure 1.

Figure 2.

Figure 3.

Figure 4.

【 参考文献 】

• [1]WHO: Schistosomiasis: number of people receiving preventive chemotherapy in 2012. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 2014, 89:21-28.
• [2]Chitsulo L, Engels D, Montresor A, Savioli L: The global status of schistosomiasis and its control. Acta Trop 2000, 77:41-51.
• [3]Steinmann P, Keiser J, Bos R, Tanner M, Utzinger J: Schistosomiasis and water resources development: systematic review, meta-analysis, and estimates of people at risk. Lancet Infect Dis 2006, 6:411-425.
• [4]Vos T, Flaxman AD, Naghavi M, Lozano R, Michaud C, Ezzati M, Shibuya K, Salomon JA, Abdalla S, Aboyans V, Abraham J, Ackerman I, Aggarwal R, Ahn SY, Ali MK, Alvarado M, Anderson LM, Andrews KG, Atkinson C, Baddour LM, Bahalim AN, Barker-Collo S, Barrero LH, Bartels DH, Basáñez MG, Baxter A, Bell ML, Benjamin EJ, Bennett D, Bernabé E, et al.: Years lived with disability (YLDs) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet 2012, 380:2163-2196.
• [5]Colley DG, Bustinduy AL, Secor WE, King CH: Human schistosomiasis. Lancet 2014, 383:2253-2264.
• [6]Utzinger J, Raso G, Brooker S, de Savigny D, Tanner M, Ørnbjerg N, Singer BH, N’Goran EK: Schistosomiasis and neglected tropical diseases: towards integrated and sustainable control and a word of caution. Parasitology 2009, 136:1859-1874.
• [7]WHO: Schistosomiasis: Progress Report 2001–2011 and Strategic Plan 2012–2020. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2013.
• [8]Gryseels B, Polman K, Clerinx J, Kestens L: Human schistosomiasis. Lancet 2006, 368:1106-1118.
• [9]King CH: Parasites and poverty: the case of schistosomiasis. Acta Trop 2010, 113:95-104.
• [10]Utzinger J, N’Goran EK, Caffrey CR, Keiser J: From innovation to application: social-ecological context, diagnostics, drugs and integrated control of schistosomiasis. Acta Trop 2011, 120(Suppl 1):S121-S137.
• [11]N’Goran EK, Yapi YG, Bellec C, Sellin B: Données préliminaires sur les variations journalières des densités cercariennes de Schistosoma mansoni dans deux foyers forestiers de schistosomose intestinale de la région de Man (Côte d’Ivoire). Bulletin de Médecine Traditionnelle et Pharmacopée 1989, 3:117-127.
• [12]Lambertucci JR, Serufo JC, Gerspacher-Lara R, Rayes AA, Teixeira R, Nobre V, Antunes CM: Schistosoma mansoni: assessment of morbidity before and after control. Acta Trop 2000, 77:101-109.
• [13]King CH, Dickman K, Tisch DJ: Regauging the cost of chronic helminthic infection: meta-analysis of disability-related outcomes in endemic schistosomiasis. Lancet 2005, 365:1561-1569.
• [14]Al-Shamiri AH, Al-Taj MA, Ahmed AS: Prevalence and co-infections of schistosomiasis/hepatitis B and C viruses among school children in an endemic area in Taiz, Yemen. Asian Pac J Trop Med 2011, 4:404-408.
• [15]Mazigo HD, Nuwaha F, Wilson S, Kinung’hi SM, Morona D, Waihenya R, Heukelbach J, Dunne DW: Epidemiology and interactions of human immunodeficiency virus-1 and Schistosoma mansoni in sub-Saharan Africa. Infect Dis Poverty 2013, 2:2. BioMed Central Full Text
• [16]Kinung’hi SM, Magnussen P, Kaatano GM, Kishamawe C, Vennervald BJ: Malaria and helminth co-infections in school and preschool children: a cross-sectional study in Magu district, north-western Tanzania. PLoS One 2014, 9:e86510.
• [17]Raso G, Matthys B, N’Goran EK, Tanner M, Vounatsou P, Utzinger J: Spatial risk prediction and mapping of Schistosoma mansoni infections among schoolchildren living in western Côte d’Ivoire. Parasitology 2005, 131:97-108.
• [18]Pinot de Moira A, Fulford AJ, Kabatereine NB, Ouma JH, Booth M, Dunne DW: Analysis of complex patterns of human exposure and immunity to schistosomiasis mansoni: the influence of age, sex, ethnicity and IgE. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2010, 4:e820.
• [19]Poda JN, Wango SP, Sorgho H, Dianou D: Évolution récente des schistosomoses dans le complexe hydroagricole du Sourou au Burkina Faso. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 2004, 97:15-18.
• [20]Enk MJ, Amaral GL, Costa e Silva MF, Silveira-Lemos D, Teixeira-Carvalho A, Martins-Filho OA, Correa-Oliveira R, Gazinnelli G, Coelho PMZ, Massara CL: Rural tourism: a risk factor for schistosomiasis transmission in Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2010, 105:537-540.
• [21]McCreesh N, Booth M: Challenges in predicting the effects of climate change on Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma haematobium transmission potential. Trends Parasitol 2013, 29:548-555.
• [22]WHO: Prevention and control of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis: report of a WHO expert committee. WHO Tech Rep Ser 2002, 912:1-57.
• [23]WHO: Schistosomiasis: population requiring preventive chemotherapy and number of people treated in 2010. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 2012, 87:37-44.
• [24]Doumenge J, Mott K, Cheung C, Villenave D, Chapuis O, Perrin MF, Reaud-Thomas G: Atlas of the Global Distribution of Schistosomiasis. Bordeaux: Presses Universitaires de Bordeaux; 1987.
• [25]N’Goran EK, Utzinger J, Traoré M, Lengeler C, Tanner M: Identification rapide par questionnaire des principaux foyers de bilharziose urinaire au centre de la Côte d’Ivoire. Med Trop 1998, 58:253-260.
• [26]Utzinger J, N’Goran EK, Ossey YA, Booth M, Traoré M, Lohourignon KL, Allangba A, Ahiba LA, Tanner M, Lengeler C: Rapid screening for Schistosoma mansoni in western Côte d’Ivoire using a simple school questionnaire. Bull World Health Organ 2000, 78:389-398.
• [27]N’Guessan NA, Acka CA, Utzinger J, N’Goran EK: Identification des régions à haut risque de schistosomoses en Côte d’Ivoire. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 2007, 100:119-123.
• [28]Tchuem Tchuenté LA, N’Goran EK: Schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis control in Cameroon and Côte d’Ivoire: implementing control on a limited budget. Parasitology 2009, 136:1739-1745.
• [29]Chammartin F, Hürlimann E, Raso G, N’Goran EK, Utzinger J, Vounatsou P: Statistical methodological issues in mapping historical schistosomiasis survey data. Acta Trop 2013, 128:345-352.
• [30]Utzinger J, N’Goran EK, N’Dri A, Lengeler C, Tanner M: Efficacy of praziquantel against Schistosoma mansoni with particular consideration for intensity of infection. Trop Med Int Health 2000, 5:771-778.
• [31]Raso G, N’Goran EK, Toty A, Luginbühl A, Adjoua CA, Tian-Bi NT, Bogoch II, Vounatsou P, Tanner M, Utzinger J: Efficacy and side effects of praziquantel against Schistosoma mansoni in a community of western Côte d’Ivoire. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2004, 98:18-27.
• [32]Katz N, Chaves A, Pellegrino J: A simple device for quantitative stool thick smears technique in schistosomiasis mansoni. Rev Inst Med Trop São Paulo 1972, 14:397-400.
• [33]Knopp S, Becker SL, Ingram KJ, Keiser J, Utzinger J: Diagnosis and treatment of schistosomiasis in children in the era of intensified control. Expert Rev Anti-Infect Ther 2013, 11:1237-1258.
• [34]Utzinger J, N’Goran EK, Esse Aya CM, Acka Adjoua C, Lohourignon KL, Tanner M, Lengeler C: Schistosoma mansoni, intestinal parasites and perceived morbidity indicators in schoolchildren in a rural endemic area of western Côte d’Ivoire. Trop Med Int Health 1998, 3:711-720.
• [35]Keiser J, N’Goran EK, Traoré M, Lohourignon KL, Singer BH, Lengeler C, Tanner M, Utzinger J: Polyparasitism with Schistosoma mansoni, geohelminths, and intestinal protozoa in rural Côte d’Ivoire. J Parasitol 2002, 88:461-466.
• [36]Beck-Wörner C, Raso G, Vounatsou P, N’Goran EK, Rigo G, Parlow E, Utzinger J: Bayesian spatial risk prediction of Schistosoma mansoni infection in western Côte d’Ivoire using a remotely-sensed digital elevation model. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2007, 76:956-963.
• [37]Matthys B, Tschannen AB, Tian-Bi NT, Comoe H, Diabaté S, Traoré M, Vounatsou P, Raso G, Gosoniu L, Tanner M, Cissé G, N’Goran EK, Utzinger J: Risk factors for Schistosoma mansoni and hookworm in urban farming communities in western Côte d’Ivoire. Trop Med Int Health 2007, 12:709-723.
• [38]Utzinger J, N’Goran EK, N’Dri A, Lengeler C, Xiao SH, Tanner M: Oral artemether for prevention of Schistosoma mansoni infection: randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2000, 355:1320-1325.
• [39]Bonfoh B, Raso G, Koné I, Dao D, Girardin O, Cissé G, Zinsstag J, Utzinger J, Tanner M: Research in a war zone. Nature 2011, 474:569-571.
• [40]Montresor A, Engels D, Ramsan M, Foum A, Savioli L: Field test of the ‘dose pole’ for praziquantel in Zanzibar. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2002, 96:323-324.
• [41]Murray CJL, Vos T, Lozano R, Naghavi M, Flaxman AD, Michaud C, Ezzati M, Shibuya K, Salomon JA, Abdalla S, Aboyans V, Abraham J, Ackerman I, Aggarwal R, Ahn SY, Ali MK, Al Mazroa MA, Alvarado M, Anderson HR, Anderson LM, Andrews KG, Atkinson C, Baddour LM, Bahalim AN, Barker-Collo S, Barrero LH, Bartels DH, Basáñez M-G, Baxter A, Bell ML, et al.: Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 291 diseases and injuries in 21 regions, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet 2012, 380:2197-2223.
• [42]WHO: Accelerating Work to Overcome the Global Impact of Neglected Tropical Diseases: A Roadmap for Implementation. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2012.
• [43]de Vlas SJ, Gryseels B: Underestimation of Schistosoma mansoni prevalences. Parasitol Today 1992, 8:274-277.
• [44]Utzinger J, Booth M, N’Goran EK, Müller I, Tanner M, Lengeler C: Relative contribution of day-to-day and intra-specimen variation in faecal egg counts of Schistosoma mansoni before and after treatment with praziquantel. Parasitology 2001, 5:537-544.
• [45]Booth M, Vounatsou P, N’Goran EK, Tanner M, Utzinger J: The influence of sampling effort and the performance of the Kato-Katz technique in diagnosing Schistosoma mansoni and hookworm co-infections in rural Côte d’Ivoire. Parasitology 2003, 127:525-531.
• [46]Enk MJ, Lima ACL, Drummond SC, Schall VT, Coelho PMZ: The effect of the number of stool samples on the observed prevalence and the infection intensity with Schistosoma mansoni among a population in an area of low transmission. Acta Trop 2008, 108:222-228.
• [47]Colley DG, Binder S, Campbell C, King CH, Tchuem Tchuenté LA, N’Goran EK, Erko B, Karanja DM, Kabatereine NB, van Lieshout L, Rathbun S: A five-country evaluation of a point-of-care circulating cathodic antigen urine assay for the prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2013, 88:426-432.
• [48]WHO: World Health Organization: The World Health Assembly Resolution (WHA 54.19). Geneva: World Health Organization; 2001. Available at: http://www.who.int/neglected_diseases/mediacentre/WHA_54.19_Eng.pdf; webcite accessed: 20 October 2014
• [49]Rollinson D, Knopp S, Levitz S, Stothard JR, Tchuem Tchuenté LA, Garba A, Mohammed KA, Schur N, Person B, Colley DG, Utzinger J: Time to set the agenda for schistosomiasis elimination. Acta Trop 2013, 128:423-440.