Motor development following in utero exposure to organochlorines: a follow-up study of children aged 5–9 years in Greenland, Ukraine and Poland

BMC Public Health

Gunnar Toft⁵  Jens Peter Bonde⁷  Bo AG Jönsson¹  Lyubov Chumak⁶  Katarzyna Góralczyk²  Henning Sloth Pedersen³  Cecilia Høst Ramlau-Hansen⁴  Birgit Bjerre Høyer⁵ 

[1] Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, S-221 85, Sweden;Department of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, National Institute of Public Health-National Institute of Hygiene, Chocimska 24, Warsaw, 00-791, Poland;Primary Health Care Clinic, Postbox 570, Nuuk, DK-3900, Greenland;Department of Public Health, Section for Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Bartholins Allé 2, Aarhus C, 8000, Denmark;Danish Ramazzini Centre, Department of Occupational Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, build. 2c, Aarhus C, 8000, Denmark;Department of Social Medicine and Organization of Public Health, Kharkiv National Medical University, Kharkiv, 61022, Ukraine;Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, Copenhagen NV, 2400, Denmark

关键词: Prenatal exposure;    Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs);    Organochlorines;    Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE);    Developmental milestones;    Child motor development;   

Others  :  1127870
DOI  :  10.1186/s12889-015-1465-3

 received in 2014-03-26, accepted in 2015-01-26,  发布年份 2015

【 摘 要 】

Background

Prior studies on the association between prenatal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) and child motor development have found contradicting results. Using data collected in the INUENDO cohort in Kharkiv (Ukraine), Warsaw (Poland) and Greenland (N = 1,103) between the years 2002 and 2012, we examined relations of prenatal exposure to 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene (p,p′-DDE) and 2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl (CB-153) on motor development and developmental milestones; crawling, standing-up and walking.

Methods

CB-153 and p,p′-DDE were measured in maternal blood in second or third trimester of pregnancy. Motor development was measured in terms of the parentally assessed screening tool Developmental Coordination Disorder Questionnaire 2007 and developmental milestones were assessed via retrospective parental reports of child age at the first time of crawling, standing-up and walking.

Results

We saw no associations between tertiles of CB-153 and p,p′-DDE or log-transformed exposures and retrospective reports of the developmental milestones crawling, standing-up and walking in infancy or the motor skills measured as developmental coordination disorder at young school age.

Conclusions

In utero exposure to CB-153 and p,p′-DDE was not associated with parentally retrospectively assessed developmental milestones in infancy or parentally assessed motor skills at young school age. The use of a more sensitive outcome measure may be warranted if subtle effects should be identified.

【 授权许可】

   
2015 Høyer et al.; licensee BioMed Central.

【 参考文献 】

• [1]European Commision: Polychlorinated biphenyls and polychlorinated terphenyls (PCBs and PCTs). 2012.
• [2]Environmental Protection Agency United States: Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs). 2012.
• [3]Listing of POPs in the Stockholm Convention. http://chm.pops.int/TheConvention/ThePOPs/ListingofPOPs/tabid/2509/Default.aspx. Accessed 6 Feb 2015.
• [4]van den Berg H, Zaim M, Yadav RS, Soares A, Ameneshewa B, Mnzava A, et al.: Global trends in the use of insecticides to control vector-borne diseases. Environ Health Perspect 2012, 120:577-82.
• [5]Glynn A, Aune M, Darnerud PO, Cnattingius S, Bjerselius R, Becker W, et al.: Determinants of serum concentrations of organochlorine compounds in swedish pregnant women: a cross-sectional study. Environ Health. 2007, 6:2. BioMed Central Full Text
• [6]Theelen RMC, Liem AKD, Slob W, Van Wijnen JH: Intake of 2,3,7,8 chlorine substituted dioxins, furans, and planar PCBs from food in the Netherlands: median and distribution. Chemosphere 1993, 27:1625-35.
• [7]Dorea JG, Cruz-Granja AC, Lacayo-Romero ML, Cuadra-Leal J: Perinatal metabolism of dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene in Nicaraguan mothers. Environ Res 2001, 86:229-37.
• [8]Waliszewski SM, Aguirre AA, Infanzon RM, Siliceo J: Carry-over of persistent organochlorine pesticides through placenta to fetus. Salud Publica Mex 2000, 42:384-90.
• [9]Jacobson JL, Fein GG, Jacobson SW, Schwartz PM, Dowler JK: The transfer of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) across the human placenta and into maternal milk. Am J Public Health 1984, 74:378-9.
• [10]Czaja K, Ludwicki JK, Goralczyk K, Strucinski P: Organochlorine pesticides, HCB, and PCBs in human milk in Poland. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 1997, 58:769-75.
• [11]Gladen BC, Schecter AJ, Papke O, Shkyryak-Nyzhnyk ZA, Hryhorczuk DO, Little RE: Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans, and coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls in breast milk from two cities in Ukraine. J Toxicol Environ Health A 1999, 58:119-27.
• [12]Gladen BC, Monaghan SC, Lukyanova EM, Hulchiy OP, Shkyryak-Nyzhnyk ZA, Sericano JL, et al.: Organochlorines in breast milk from two cities in Ukraine. Environ Health Perspect 1999, 107:459-62.
• [13]Lai TJ, Guo YL, Guo NW, Hsu CC: Effect of prenatal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls on cognitive development in children: a longitudinal study in Taiwan. Br J Psychiatry Suppl 2001, 40:s49-52.
• [14]Rogan WJ, Gladen BC, Hung KL, Koong SL, Shih LY, Taylor JS, et al.: Congenital poisoning by polychlorinated biphenyls and their contaminants in Taiwan. Science 1988, 241:334-6.
• [15]Tilson HA, Davis GJ, McLachlan JA, Lucier GW: The effects of polychlorinated biphenyls given prenatally on the neurobehavioral development of mice. Environ Res 1979, 18:466-74.
• [16]Boix J, Cauli O, Leslie H, Felipo V: Differential long-term effects of developmental exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls 52, 138 or 180 on motor activity and neurotransmission gender dependence and mechanisms involved. Neurochem Int 2011, 58:69-77.
• [17]Gladen BC, Rogan WJ, Hardy P, Thullen J, Tingelstad J, Tully M: Development after exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethene transplacentally and through human milk. J Pediatr 1988, 113:991-5.
• [18]Rogan WJ, Gladen BC: PCBs, DDE, and child development at 18 and 24 months. Ann Epidemiol 1991, 1:407-13.
• [19]Daniels JL, Longnecker MP, Klebanoff MA, Gray KA, Brock JW, Zhou H, et al.: Prenatal exposure to Low-level polychlorinated biphenyls in relation to mental and motor development at 8 months. Am J Epidemiol 2003, 157:485-92.
• [20]Eskenazi B, Marks AR, Bradman A, Fenster L, Johnson C, Barr DB, et al.: In utero exposure to dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) and neurodevelopment among young Mexican American children. Pediatrics 2006, 118:233-41.
• [21]Ribas-Fito N, Torrent M, Carrizo D, Munoz-Ortiz L, Julvez J, Grimalt JO, et al.: In utero exposure to background concentrations of DDT and cognitive functioning among preschoolers. Am J Epidemiol 2006, 164:955-62.
• [22]Bahena-Medina LA, Torres-Sanchez L, Schnaas L, Cebrian ME, Chavez CH, Osorio-Valencia E, et al.: Neonatal neurodevelopment and prenatal exposure to dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE): a cohort study in Mexico. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 2011, 21:609-14.
• [23]Torres-Sanchez L, Schnaas L, Cebrian ME, Hernandez Mdel C, Valencia EO, Garcia Hernandez RM, et al.: Prenatal dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) exposure and neurodevelopment: a follow-up from 12 to 30 months of age. Neurotoxicology 2009, 30:1162-5.
• [24]Torres-Sanchez L, Schnaas L, Rothenberg SJ, Cebrian ME, Osorio-Valencia E, Hernandez Mdel C, et al.: Prenatal p, p -DDE exposure and neurodevelopment among children 3.5–5 years of age. Environ Health Perspect 2013, 121:263-8.
• [25]Rogan WJ, Gladen BC, McKinney JD, Carreras N, Hardy P, Thullen J, et al.: Neonatal effects of transplacental exposure to PCBs and DDE. J Pediatr 1986, 109:335-41.
• [26]Ribas-Fito N, Cardo E, Sala M, Eulalia de Muga M, Mazon C, Verdu A, et al.: Breastfeeding, exposure to organochlorine compounds, and neurodevelopment in infants. Pediatrics 2003, 111:e580-5.
• [27]Toft G, Axmon A, Giwercman A, Thulstrup AM, Rignell-Hydbom A, Pedersen HS, et al.: Fertility in four regions spanning large contrasts in serum levels of widespread persistent organochlorines: a cross-sectional study. Environ Health 2005, 4:26. BioMed Central Full Text
• [28]Sennbro CJ, Lindh CH, Tinnerberg H, Gustavsson C, Littorin M, Welinder H, et al.: Development, validation and characterization of an analytical method for the quantification of hydrolysable urinary metabolites and plasma protein adducts of 2,4- and 2,6-toluene diisocyanate, 1,5-naphthalene diisocyanate and 4,4′-methylenediphenyl diisocyanate. Biomarkers 2003, 8:204-17.
• [29]Jonsson BA, Rylander L, Lindh C, Rignell-Hydbom A, Giwercman A, Toft G, et al.: Inter-population variations in concentrations, determinants of and correlations between 2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl (CB-153) and 1,1-dichloro-2,2-Bis (p-chlorophenyl)-ethylene (p, p′-DDE): a cross-sectional study of 3161 Men and women from Inuit and european populations. Environ Health 2005, 4:27. BioMed Central Full Text
• [30]Wilson BN, Crawford SG, Green D, Roberts G, Aylott A, Kaplan BJ: Psychometric properties of the revised developmental coordination disorder questionnaire. Phys Occup Ther Pediatr 2009, 29:182-202.
• [31]Multicentre Growth Reference Study Group WHO: Assessment of Sex differences and heterogeneity in motor milestone attainment among populations in the WHO multicentre growth reference study. Acta Paediatr Suppl 2006, 450:66-75.
• [32]Sterne JA, White IR, Carlin JB, Spratt M, Royston P, Kenward MG, et al.: Multiple imputation for missing data in epidemiological and clinical research: potential and pitfalls. BMJ 2009, 338:b2393.
• [33]Despres C, Beuter A, Richer F, Poitras K, Veilleux A, Ayotte P, et al.: Neuromotor functions in Inuit preschool children exposed to Pb, PCBs, and Hg. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2005, 27:245-57.
• [34]Koopman-Esseboom C, Weisglas-Kuperus N, de Ridder MA, Van der Paauw CG, Tuinstra LG, Sauer PJ: Effects of polychlorinated biphenyl/dioxin exposure and feeding type on Infants’ mental and psychomotor development. Pediatrics 1996, 97:700-6.
• [35]Park HY, Hertz-Picciotto I, Sovcikova E, Kocan A, Drobna B, Trnovec T: Neurodevelopmental toxicity of prenatal polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) by chemical structure and activity: a birth cohort study. Environ Health 2010, 9:51. BioMed Central Full Text
• [36]Vreugdenhil HJ, Lanting CI, Mulder PG, Boersma ER, Weisglas-Kuperus N: Effects of prenatal PCB and dioxin background exposure on cognitive and motor abilities in Dutch children at school age. J Pediatr 2002, 140:48-56.
• [37]Torres-Sanchez L, Rothenberg SJ, Schnaas L, Cebrian ME, Osorio E, Del Carmen Hernandez M, et al.: In utero p, p′-DDE exposure and infant neurodevelopment: a perinatal cohort in Mexico. Environ Health Perspect 2007, 115:435-9.
• [38]Longnecker MP, Klebanoff MA, Gladen BC, Berendes HW: Serial levels of serum organochlorines during pregnancy and postpartum. Arch Environ Health 1999, 54:110-4.
• [39]Donders AR, van der Heijden GJ, Stijnen T, Moons KG: Review: a gentle introduction to imputation of missing values. J Clin Epidemiol 2006, 59:1087-91.
• [40]Wilson BN, Kaplan BJ, Crawford SG, Campbell A, Dewey D: Reliability and validity of a parent questionnaire on childhood motor skills. Am J Occup Ther 2000, 54:484-93.
• [41]Schoemaker MM, Flapper B, Verheij NP, Wilson BN, Reinders-Messelink HA, de Kloet A: Evaluation of the developmental coordination disorder questionnaire as a screening instrument. Dev Med Child Neurol 2006, 48:668-73.
• [42]Pannekoek L, Rigoli D, Piek JP, Barrett NC, Schoemaker M: The revised DCDQ: is it a suitable screening measure for motor difficulties in adolescents? Adapt Phys Activ Q 2012, 29:81-97.
• [43]Santillan ME, Vincenti LM, Martini AC, de Cuneo MF, Ruiz RD, Mangeaud A, et al.: Developmental and neurobehavioral effects of perinatal exposure to diets with different omega-6:omega-3 ratios in mice. Nutrition 2010, 26(4):423-31.