The impact of parenthood on Canadians’ objectively measured physical activity: an examination of cross-sectional population-based data

BMC Public Health

Jo Ann Tober²  Amy Doelman²  Sarah A Edwards²  Anca Gaston¹ 

[1] Western University, School of Kinesiology, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON, N6A 3K7 Canada;Brant County Health Unit, 194 Terrace Hill Street, Brantford, ON N3R 1G7, Canada

关键词: Parents;    Fathers;    Mothers;    Sedentary lifestyle;    Exercise;    Physical activity;   

Others  :  1123081
DOI  :  10.1186/1471-2458-14-1127

 received in 2014-07-28, accepted in 2014-10-24,  发布年份 2014

【 摘 要 】

Background

Parenthood has been associated with declines in leisure-time exercise and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), but less is known about its impact on sedentary time and light-intensity activity. Although the health benefits of MVPA are well established, a growing body of research has been showing that even after controlling for MVPA levels, a detrimental dose–response association exists between sedentary time and adverse health outcomes and a beneficial dose–response association exists for light-intensity activity.

Methods

This study examined the impact of parenthood, the number of children in the home, and the age of the youngest child on objectively measured physical activity (i.e., accelerometer derived daily minutes of sedentary, light, and MVPA) among a nationally representative cross-sectional sample of 2234 men and women who participated in the 2009–2011 Canadian Health Measures Survey.

Results

After controlling for sociodemographic variables, ANCOVAs indicated that parents engaged in more light activity but less MVPA than non-parents and women whose youngest child was aged 12–15 years were more sedentary than women without children. Among both men and women, having a child <6 years of age in the home was associated with the greatest amount of light activity and lowest MVPA.

Conclusions

Modest differences emerged between the physical activity level of parents and non-parents for both genders and across intensity levels. In general, parenthood was associated with less MVPA and more light-intensity activity, and more differences emerged among women compared to men. More research is needed before conclusions can be drawn regarding the health consequences of these differences.

【 授权许可】

   
2014 Gaston et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

【 参考文献 】

• [1]Allender S, Hutchinson L, Foster C: Life-change events and participation in physical activity: a systematic review. Health Promot Int 2008, 23:160-172.
• [2]Berge JM, Larson N, Bauwer KW, Neumark-Sztainer D: Are parents of young children practicing health nutrition and physical activity behaviors? Pediatrics 2011, 127:881-887.
• [3]Hinkley T, Crawford D, Salmon J, Okely A, Hesketh K: Preschool children and physical activity: a review of correlates. Am J Prev Med 2008, 24:435-441.
• [4]Bellows-Riecken KH, Rhodes RE: A birth of inactivity? A review of physical activity and parenthood. Prev Med 2008, 46(2):99-110.
• [5]Hull EE, Rofey DL, Robertson RJ, Otto AD, Aaron DJ: Influence of marriage and parenthood on physical activity: a 2-year prospective analysis. J Phys Act Health 2010, 7:577-585.
• [6]Candelaria JI, Sallis JF, Conway TL, Saelens BE, Frank LD, Slymen DJ: Differences in physical activity among adults in households with and without children. J Phys Act Health 2012, 9(7):985-995.
• [7]Adamo KB, Langlois KA, Brett KE, Colley RC: Young children and parental physical activity levels: findings from the Canadian health measures survey. Am J Prev Med 2012, 43(2):168-175.
• [8]Rhodes RE, Blanchard CM, Benoit C, Levy-Milne R, Naylor PJ, Symons Down D, Warburton DE: Physical activity and sedentary behavior across 12 months in cohort samples of couples without children, expecting their first child, and expecting their second child. J Behav Med 2014, 37(3):533-542.
• [9]Owen N, Leslie E, Salmon J, Fotheringham M: Environmental determinants of physical activity and sedentary behavior. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2000, 28(4):153-158.
• [10]Sallis JF, Owen N: Ecological Models of Health Behavior. In Health Behaviour and Health Education: Theory, Research, and Practice. 3rd edition. Edited by Glanz KM, Lewis F, Rimer BK. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass; 2002:462-484.
• [11]Norton K, Norton L, Sadgrove D: Position statement on physical activity and exercise intensity terminology. J Sci Med Sport 2010, 13:496-502.
• [12]Warburton DE, Katzmarzyk PT, Rhodes RE, Shephard R: Evidence-informed physical activity guidelines for Canadian adults. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2007, 32:S16-S68.
• [13]Katzmarzyk PT, Church TS, Craig CL, Bouchard C: Sitting time and mortality from all causes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2009, 41:998-1005.
• [14]Owen N, Healy CE, Matthews CE, Dunstan DW: Too much sitting: the population health science of sedentary behavior. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2010, 38(3):105-113.
• [15]Patel AV, Bernstein L, Deka A, Feigelson HS, Campbell PT, Gapstur SM, Colditz GA, Thun MJ: Leisure time spent sitting in relation to total mortality in a prospective cohort of US adults. Am J Epidemiol 2010, 172(4):419-429.
• [16]Lee I, Rexrode KM, Cook NR, Manson JE, Buring JE: Physical activity and coronary heart disease in women: Is “No Pain, No Gain” Passe? JAMA 2001, 208:1447-1454.
• [17]Healy GN, Dunstan DW, Salmon J, Cerin E, Shaw JE, Zimmet PA, Owen N: Objectively measured light-intensity physical activity is independently associated with 2-h plasma glucose. Diabetes Care 2007, 30:1384-1389.
• [18]Buman MP, Winkler EAH, Kurka JM, Hekler EB, Baldwin CM, Owen N, Ainsworth BE, Healy GN, Gardiner PA: Reallocating time to sleep, sedentary behaviors, or active behaviors: associations with cardiovascular disease risk biomarkers, NHANES 2005–2006. Am J Epidemiol 2014, 179(3):323-334.
• [19]Schuit AJ, van Loon AJ, Tijhuis M, Ocke M: Clustering of lifestyle risk factors in a general adult population. Prev Med 2002, 35(3):219-224.
• [20]Ferrar K, Chang C, Li M, Olds TS: Adolescent time use clusters: a systematic review. J Adolesc Health 2013, 52(3):259-270.
• [21]Canadian Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour Guidelines Handbook. Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology Web site. http://www.csep.ca/guidelines webcite Published 2014. Accessed September 17, 2014
• [22]Canadian Sedentary Behaviour Guidelines. Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology Web Site. http://www.csep.ca/CMFiles/Guidelines/SBGuidelinesQ&A_E.pdf webcite Published 2011. Accessed September 17, 2014
• [23]Tremblay MS, Colley RC, Saunders TJ, Healy GN, Owen N: Physiological and health implications of a sedentary lifestyle. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2010, 35(6):725-740.
• [24]Brown WJ, Trost SG: Life transitions and changing physical activity patterns in young women. Am J Prev Med 2003, 25(2):140-143.
• [25]Tremblay M, Wolfson M, Connor Gorber S: Canadian health measures survey: rationale, background and overview. Health Rep 2007, 18(Suppl):7-20.
• [26]Colley RC, Garriguet D, Janssen I, Craig CL, Clarke J, Tremblay MS: Physical activity of Canadian adults: accelerometer results from the 2007 to 2009 Canadian health measures survey. Health Rep 2011, 22(1):7-14.
• [27]Bryan SN, Tremblay M, Pérez CE, Ardern CI, Katzmarzyk PT: Physical activity and ethnicity: evidence from the Canadian community health survey. Can J Public Health 2006, 97:271-276.
• [28]Dishman RK, Heath GW, Lee IM: Physical Activity Epidemiology (2nd ed.). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics; 2012.
• [29]Cohen J: Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. 2nd edition. Hillsdale, NH: Lawrence Erlbaum; 1988.
• [30]Healy GN, Wijndaele K, Dunstan DW, Shaw JE, Salmon J, Zimmet PA, Owen N: Objectively measured sedentary time, physical activity, and metabolic risk: the Australian Diabetes, obesity and lifestyle study (AusDiab). Diabetes Care 2008, 31:369-371.
• [31]Buman MP, Hekler EB, Haskell WL, Pruitt L, Conway TL, Cain KL, Sallis JF, Saelens BE, Frank LD, King AC: Objective light-intensity physical activity associations with rated health in older adults. Am J Epidemiol 2010, 172:1155-1165.
• [32]Craig L: Contemporary Motherhood: The Impact of Children on Adult Time. Aldershot, United Kingdom: Ashgate Publishing; 2007.
• [33]Kimmel J, Connelly R: Mothers’ time choices: caregiving, leisure, home production, and paid work. J Human Res 2007, 42:643-681.
• [34]Ainsworth BE, Haskell WL, Whitt MC, Irwin ML, Swartz AM, Strath SJ, O’Brien WL, Bassett DR Jr, Schmitz KH, Emplaincourt PO, Jacobs DR Jr, Leon AS: Compendium of physical activities: an update of activity codes and MET intensities. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2000, 32(suppl 9):S498-S504.
• [35]Hurst M: Who Gets Any Sleep these Days? Sleep Patterns of Canadians. Can Soc Trends(No. 85) Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 11-008-XWE http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/11-008-x/2008001/article/10553-eng.htm webcite Published 2012. Accessed September 18, 2014
• [36]Tavares LS, Plotnikoff RC: Not enough time? Individual and environmental implications for workplace physical activity programming among women with and without children. Health Care Women Int 2008, 29:244-281.
• [37]Craig L: Does father care mean fathers share? A comparison of how mothers and fathers in intact families spend time with children. Gender & Society 2006, 20(2):259-281.
• [38]Budig MJ, England P: The wage penalty for motherhood. Am Sociol Rev 2001, 66:204-225.
• [39]Proper KI, Singh AS, van Mechelen W, Chinapaw MJ: Sedentary behaviors and health outcomes among adults: a systematic review. Am J Prev Med 2011, 40(2):174-182.