Association of objectively measured physical activity with body components in European adolescents

BMC Public Health

HELENA Study Group  Luis A Moreno⁷  Michael Sjöström³  Dénes Molnar⁹  Anthony Kafatos¹  Yannis Manios⁴  Jérémy Vanhelst⁸  Angela Polito⁶  Magdalena Cuenca-García⁵  Raquel Pedrero²  Ute Alexy^1,10  Amaya Fernández-Vázquez⁷  David Jiménez-Pavón⁵ 

[1] Preventive Medicine and Nutrition Clinic, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece;ImFINE Research Group. Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences-INEF, Technical University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain;Unit for preventive nutrition, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden;Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece;Department of Medical Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain;Human Nutrition Unit, National Research Institute for Food and Nutrition, Rome, Italy;GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development), Department of Physiotherapy and Nursing, Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Avd. Domingo Miral s/n, CP: 50009, Zaragoza, Spain;CIC-PT-9301-Inserm-CH&U, University Hospital, Lille, France;Department of Paediatrics, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary;Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms Universität Bonn IEL, Dortmund, Germany

关键词: Adolescence;    Muscular components;    Fat mass;    Physical activity;   

Others  :  1162015
DOI  :  10.1186/1471-2458-13-667

 received in 2013-02-12, accepted in 2013-06-25,  发布年份 2013

【 摘 要 】

Background

Physical activity (PA) is suggested to contribute to fat loss not only through increasing energy expenditure “per se” but also increasing muscle mass; therefore, it would be interesting to better understand the specific associations of PA with the different body’s components such as fat mass and muscle mass. The aim of the present study was to examine the association between objectively measured PA and indices of fat mass and muscle components independently of each other giving, at the same time, gender-specific information in a wide cohort of European adolescents.

Methods

A cross-sectional study in a school setting was conducted in 2200 (1016 males) adolescents (14.7 ±1.2 years). Weight, height, skinfold thickness, bioimpedance and PA (accelerometry) were measured. Indices of fat mass (body mass index, % fat mass, sum of skinfolds) and muscular component (assessed as fat-free mass) were calculated. Multiple regression analyses were performed adjusting for several confounders including fat-free mass and fat mass when possible.

Results

Vigorous PA was positively associated with height (p < 0.05) in males, whilst, vigorous PA, moderate-vigorous PA and average PA were negatively associated with all the indices of fat mass (all p < 0.01) in both genders, except for average PA in relation with body mass index in females. Regarding muscular components, vigorous PA showed positive associations with fat-free mass and muscle mass (all p < 0.05) in both genders. Average PA was positively associated with fat-free mass (both p < 0.05) in males and females.

Conclusion

The present study suggests that PA, especially vigorous PA, is negatively associated with indices of fat mass and positively associated with markers of muscle mass, after adjusting for several confounders (including indices of fat mass and muscle mass when possible). Future studies should focus not only on the classical relationship between PA and fat mass, but also on PA and muscular components, analyzing the independent role of both with the different PA intensities.

【 授权许可】

   
2013 Jiménez-Pavón et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

【 参考文献 】

• [1]Robinson GA, Geier M, Rizzolo D, Sedrak M: Childhood obesity: complications, prevention strategies, treatment. JAAPA 2011, 24(12):58-63.
• [2]Perpich KJ, Russ R, Rizzolo D, Sedrak M: Childhood obesity: understanding the causes, beginning the discussion. JAAPA 2011, 24(12):30-34.
• [3]Jimenez-Pavon D, Kelly J, Reilly JJ: Associations between objectively measured habitual physical activity and adiposity in children and adolescents: Systematic review. Int J Pediatr Obes 2010, 5(1):3-18.
• [4]Ekelund U, Luan J, Sherar LB, Esliger DW, Griew P, Cooper A: Moderate to vigorous physical activity and sedentary time and cardiometabolic risk factors in children and adolescents. JAMA 2012, 307(7):704-712.
• [5]Brambilla P, Pozzobon G, Pietrobelli A: Physical activity as the main therapeutic tool for metabolic syndrome in childhood. Int J Obes (Lond) 2011, 35(1):16-28.
• [6]Metcalf BS, Voss LD, Hosking J, Jeffery AN, Wilkin TJ: Physical activity at the government-recommended level and obesity-related health outcomes: a longitudinal study (Early Bird 37). Arch Dis Child 2008, 93(9):772-777.
• [7]Must A, Tybor DJ: Physical activity and sedentary behavior: a review of longitudinal studies of weight and adiposity in youth. Int J Obes (Lond) 2005, 29(Suppl 2):S84-S96.
• [8]Reilly JJ: Physical activity and obesity in childhood and adolescence. Lancet 2005, 366(9482):268-269.
• [9]Reilly JJ, Penpraze V, Hislop J, Davies G, Grant S, Paton JY: Objective measurement of physical activity and sedentary behaviour: review with new data. Arch Dis Child 2008, 93(7):614-619.
• [10]Wareham NJ, Van Sluijs EM, Ekelund U: Physical activity and obesity prevention: a review of the current evidence. Proc Nutr Soc 2005, 64(2):229-247.
• [11]Chung AE, Skinner AC, Steiner MJ, Perrin EM: Physical activity and BMI in a nationally representative sample of children and adolescents. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2012, 51(2):122-129.
• [12]Metcalf BS, Hosking J, Fremeaux AE, Jeffery AN, Voss LD, Wilkin TJ: BMI was right all along: taller children really are fatter (implications of making childhood BMI independent of height) EarlyBird 48. Int J Obes (Lond) 2011, 35(4):541-547.
• [13]Chaput JP, Lambert M, Mathieu ME, J OL, Tremblay MS, Tremblay A: Physical activity vs. sedentary time: independent associations with adiposity in children. Pediatr Obes 2012, 7(3):251-258.
• [14]Belanger M, O'Loughlin J, Karp I, Barnett TA, Sabiston CM: Physical activity fluctuations and body fat during adolescence. Pediatr Obes 2012, 7(1):73-81.
• [15]Faigenbaum AD, Kraemer WJ, Blimkie CJ, Jeffreys I, Micheli LJ, Nitka M, Rowland TW: Youth resistance training: updated position statement paper from the national strength and conditioning association. J Strength Cond Res 2009, 23(5 Suppl):S60-S79.
• [16]Martinez-Gomez D, Welk GJ, Puertollano MA, Del-Campo J, Moya JM, Marcos A, Veiga OL: Associations of physical activity with muscular fitness in adolescents. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2011, 21(2):310-317.
• [17]Moliner-Urdiales D, Ortega FB, Vicente-Rodriguez G, Rey-Lopez JP, Gracia-Marco L, Widhalm K, Sjostrom M, Moreno LA, Castillo MJ, Ruiz JR: Association of physical activity with muscular strength and fat-free mass in adolescents: the HELENA study. Eur J Appl Physiol 2010, 109(6):1119-1127.
• [18]Johannsen DL, Knuth ND, Huizenga R, Rood JC, Ravussin E, Hall KD: Metabolic Slowing with Massive Weight Loss despite Preservation of Fat-Free Mass. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012, 97(7):2489-2496.
• [19]Stiegler P, Cunliffe A: The role of diet and exercise for the maintenance of fat-free mass and resting metabolic rate during weight loss. Sports Med 2006, 36(3):239-262.
• [20]Janssen I, Boyce WF, Simpson K, Pickett W: Influence of individual- and area-level measures of socioeconomic status on obesity, unhealthy eating, and physical inactivity in Canadian adolescents. Am J Clin Nutr 2006, 83(1):139-145.
• [21]Yarnell J, Yu S, McCrum E, Arveiler D, Hass B, Dallongeville J, Montaye M, Amouyel P, Ferrieres J, Ruidavets JB, et al.: Education, socioeconomic and lifestyle factors, and risk of coronary heart disease: the PRIME Study. Int J Epidemiol 2005, 34(2):268-275.
• [22]Beghin L, Castera M, Manios Y, Gilbert CC, Kersting M, De Henauw S, Kafatos A, Gottrand F, Molnar D, Sjostrom M, et al.: Quality assurance of ethical issues and regulatory aspects relating to good clinical practices in the HELENA Cross-Sectional Study. Int J Obes (Lond) 2008, 32(Suppl 5):S12-S18.
• [23]Moreno LA, Gonzalez-Gross M, Kersting M, Molnar D, De Henauw S, Beghin L, Sjostrom M, Hagstromer M, Manios Y, Gilbert CC, et al.: Assessing, understanding and modifying nutritional status, eating habits and physical activity in European adolescents: the HELENA (Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence) Study. Public Health Nutr 2008, 11(3):288-299.
• [24]Nagy E, Vicente-Rodriguez G, Manios Y, Beghin L, Iliescu C, Censi L, Dietrich S, Ortega FB, De Vriendt T, Plada M, et al.: Harmonization process and reliability assessment of anthropometric measurements in a multicenter study in adolescents. Int J Obes (Lond) 2008, 32(Suppl 5):S58-S65.
• [25]Lohman TG, Roche AF, Martorell R: Anthropometric Standardization Reference Manual. Champaign, Illinois: Human Kinetics Books; 1988:183.
• [26]Slaughter MH, Lohman TG, Boileau RA, Horswill CA, Stillman RJ, Van Loan MD, Bemben DA: Skinfold equations for estimation of body fatness in children and youth. Hum Biol 1988, 60(5):709-723.
• [27]Rodriguez G, Moreno LA, Blay MG, Blay VA, Fleta J, Sarria A, Bueno M: Body fat measurement in adolescents: comparison of skinfold thickness equations with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Eur J Clin Nutr 2005, 59(10):1158-1166.
• [28]Vicente-Rodriguez G, Rey-Lopez JP, Mesana MI, Poortvliet E, Ortega FB, Polito A, Nagy E, Widhalm K, Sjostrom M, Moreno LA: Reliability and intermethod agreement for body fat assessment among two field and two laboratory methods in adolescents. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2012, 20(1):221-228.
• [29]Sun SS, Chumlea WC, Heymsfield SB, Lukaski HC, Schoeller D, Friedl K, Kuczmarski RJ, Flegal KM, Johnson CL, Hubbard VS: Development of bioelectrical impedance analysis prediction equations for body composition with the use of a multicomponent model for use in epidemiologic surveys. Am J Clin Nutr 2003, 77(2):331-340.
• [30]Tanner JM, Whitehouse RH: Clinical longitudinal standards for height, weight, height velocity, weight velocity, and stages of puberty. Arch Dis Child 1976, 51(3):170-179.
• [31]Freedson P, Pober D, Janz KF: Calibration of accelerometer output for children. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2005, 37(11 Suppl):S523-S530.
• [32]Ekelund U, Anderssen SA, Froberg K, Sardinha LB, Andersen LB, Brage S: Independent associations of physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness with metabolic risk factors in children: the European youth heart study. Diabetologia 2007, 50(9):1832-1840.
• [33]Nilsson A, Anderssen SA, Andersen LB, Froberg K, Riddoch C, Sardinha LB, Ekelund U: Between- and within-day variability in physical activity and inactivity in 9- and 15-year-old European children. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2009, 19(1):10-18.
• [34]Martinez-Gomez D, Ruiz JR, Ortega FB, Casajus JA, Veiga OL, Widhalm K, Manios Y, Beghin L, Gonzalez-Gross M, Kafatos A, et al.: Recommended levels and intensities of physical activity to avoid low-cardiorespiratory fitness in European adolescents: The HELENA study. Am J Human biol 2010, 22(6):750-756.
• [35]Martinez-Gomez D, Ruiz JR, Ortega FB, Veiga OL, Moliner-Urdiales D, Mauro B, Galfo M, Manios Y, Widhalm K, Beghin L, et al.: Recommended levels of physical activity to avoid an excess of body fat in European adolescents: the HELENA Study. Am J Prev Med 2010, 39(3):203-211.
• [36]Ruiz JR, Ortega FB, Martinez-Gomez D, Labayen I, Moreno LA, De Bourdeaudhuij I, Manios Y, Gonzalez-Gross M, Mauro B, Molnar D, et al.: Objectively measured physical activity and sedentary time in European adolescents: the HELENA study. Am J Epidemiol 2011, 174(2):173-184.
• [37]Currie CE, Elton RA, Todd J, Platt S: Indicators of socioeconomic status for adolescents: the WHO Health Behaviour in School-aged Children Survey. Health Educ Res 1997, 12(3):385-397.
• [38]Jimenez-Pavon D, Ortega FP, Ruiz JR, Espana Romero V, Garcia Artero E, Moliner Urdiales D, Gomez Martinez S, Vicente Rodriguez G, Manios Y, Beghin L, et al.: Socioeconomic status influences physical fitness in European adolescents independently of body fat and physical activity: the HELENA study. Nutr Hosp 2010, 25(2):311-316.