Risk assessment and reward processing in problem gambling investigated by event-related potentials and fMRI-constrained source analysis

BMC Psychiatry

Gerhard Meyer¹  Manfred Herrmann³  Thorsten Fehr⁴  Stephan F Miedl² 

[1] Institute of Psychology and Cognition Research, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany;Department of Clinical Psychology, Psychotherapy and Health Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria;Center for Advanced Imaging - CAI Bremen, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany;Department of Neurology II, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany

关键词: Decision-making;    Addiction;    EEG;   

Others  :  1123400
DOI  :  10.1186/s12888-014-0229-4

 received in 2014-03-25, accepted in 2014-08-04,  发布年份 2014

【 摘 要 】

Background

The temporo-spatial dynamics of risk assessment and reward processing in problem gamblers with a focus on an ecologically valid design has not been examined previously.

Methods

We investigated risk assessment and reward processing in 12 healthy male occasional gamblers (OG) and in 12 male problem gamblers (PG) with a combined EEG and fMRI approach to identify group-differences in successively activated brain regions during two stages within a quasi-realistic blackjack game.

Results

Both groups did not differ in reaction times but event-related potentials in PG and OG produced significantly different amplitudes in middle and late time-windows during high-risk vs. low-risk decisions. Applying an fMRI-constrained regional source model during risk assessment resulted in larger source moments in PG in the high-risk vs. low-risk comparison in thalamic, orbitofrontal and superior frontal activations within the 600-800 ms time window. During reward processing, PG showed a trend to enhanced negativity in an early time window (100-150 ms) potentially related to higher rostral anterior cingulate activity and a trend to centro-parietal group-differences in a later time window (390-440 ms) accompanied by increased superior-frontal (i.e., premotor-related) source moments in PG vs. OG.

Conclusions

We suggest that problem gambling is characterized by stronger cue-related craving during risk assessment. Reward processing is associated with early affective modulation followed by increased action preparation for ongoing gambling in PG.

【 授权许可】

   
2014 Miedl et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

【 图 表 】

Figure 1.

Figure 2.

Figure 3.

【 参考文献 】

• [1]Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. American Psychiatric Publishing, Arlington, VA; 2013.
• [2]Petry NM, Stinson FS, Grant BF: Comorbidity of DSM-IV pathological gambling and other psychiatric disorders: results from the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions. J Clin Psychiatr 2005, 66(5):564-574.
• [3]Potenza MN: Should addictive disorders include non-substance-related conditions? Addiction 2006, 101(Suppl. 1):142-151.
• [4]Goodman A: Neurobiology of addiction: an integrative review. Biochem Pharmacol 2008, 75(1):266-322.
• [5]Goldstein RZ, Volkow ND: Drug addiction and its underlying neurobiological basis: neuroimaging evidence for the involvement of the frontal cortex. Am J Psychiatry 2002, 159(10):1642-1652.
• [6]Miedl SF, Fehr T, Meyer G, Herrmann M: Neurobiological correlates of problem gambling in a quasi-realistic blackjack scenario as revealed by fMRI. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2010, 181(3):165-173.
• [7]Meyer G, Hauffa BP, Schedlowski M, Pawlak C, Stadler MA, Exton MS: Casino gambling increases heart rate and salivary cortisol in regular gamblers. Biol Psychiatry 2000, 48(9):948-953.
• [8]Meyer G, Schwertfeger J, Exton MS, Janssen OE, Knapp W, Stadler MA, Schedlowski M, Kruger TH: Neuroendocrine response to casino gambling in problem gamblers. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2004, 29(10):1272-1280.
• [9]Hewig J, Kretschmer N, Trippe RH, Hecht H, Coles MGH, Holroyd CB, Miltner WHR: Hypersensitivity to reward in problem gamblers. Biol Psychiatry 2010, 67(8):781-783.
• [10]Oberg SA, Christie GJ, Tata MS: Problem gamblers exhibit reward hypersensitivity in medial frontal cortex during gambling. Neuropsychologia 2011, 49:3768-3775.
• [11]Gehring WJ, Willoughby AR: The medial frontal cortex and the rapid processing of monetary gains and losses. Science 2002, 295(5563):2279-2282.
• [12]Miltner WHR, Braun CH, Coles MGH: Event-related brain potentials following incorrect feedback in a time-estimation task: evidence for a “generic” neural system for error detection. J Cogn Neurosci 1997, 9(6):788-798.
• [13]Potts GF, Martin LE, Burton P, Montague PR: When things are better or worse than expected: the medial frontal cortex and the allocation of processing resources. J Cogn Neurosci 2006, 18(7):1112-1119.
• [14]Foti D, Weinberg A, Dien J, Hajcak G: Event-related potential activity in the basal ganglia differentiates rewards from nonrewards: temporospatial principal components analysis and source localization of the feedback negativity. Hum Brain Mapp 2011, 32(12):2207-2216.
• [15]Kreussel L, Hewig J, Kretschmer N, Hecht H, Coles MGH, Miltner WHR: How bad was it? Differences in the time course of sensitivity to the magnitude of loss in problem gamblers and controls. Behav Brain Res 2013, 247:140-145.
• [16]Littel M, van den Berg I, Luijten M, van Rooij AJ, Keemink L, Franken IH: Error processing and response inhibition in excessive computer game players: an event-related potential study. Addict Biol 2012, 17(5):934-947.
• [17]Martin LE, Potts GF, Burton PC, Montague PR: Electrophysiological and hemodynamic responses to reward prediction violation. Neuroreport 2009, 20(13):1140-1143.
• [18]Carlson JM, Foti D, Mujica-Parodi LR, Harmon-Jones E, Hajcak G: Ventral striatal and medial prefrontal BOLD activation is correlated with reward-related electrocortical activity: a combined ERP and fMRI study. Neuroimage 2011, 57(4):1608-1616.
• [19]Fehr T, Wiedenmann P, Herrmann M: Nicotine stroop and addiction memory - an ERP study. Int J Psychophysiol 2006, 62(2):224-232.
• [20]Bartholow BD, Lust SA, Tragesser SL: Specificity of P3 event-related potential reactivity to alcohol cues in individuals low in alcohol sensitivity. Psychol Addict Behav 2010, 24(2):220-228.
• [21]Fehr T, Wiedenmann P, Herrmann M: Differences in ERP topographies during color matching of smoking-related and neutral pictures in smokers and non-smokers. Int J Psychophysiol 2007, 65(3):284-293.
• [22]Franken IH, Hulstijn KP, Stam CJ, Hendriks VM, van den Brink W: Two new neurophysiological indices of cocaine craving: evoked brain potentials and cue modulated startle reflex. J Psychopharmacol (Oxf) 2004, 18(4):544-552.
• [23]Franken IA, Stam C, Hendriks V, Brink W: Neurophysiological evidence for abnormal cognitive processing of drug cues in heroin dependence. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2003, 170(2):205-212.
• [24]Thalemann R, Wolfling K, Grusser SM: Specific cue reactivity on computer game-related cues in excessive gamers. Behav Neurosci 2007, 121(3):614-618.
• [25]Wölfling K, Mörsen CP, Duven E, Albrecht U, Grüsser SM, Flor H: To gamble or not to gamble: at risk for craving and relapse - learned motivated attention in pathological gambling. Biol Psychol 2011, 87(2):275-281.
• [26]Schupp HT, Cuthbert BN, Bradley MM, Cacioppo JT, Ito T, Lang PJ: Affective picture processing: the late positive potential is modulated by motivational relevance. Psychophysiology 2000, 37(2):257-261.
• [27]Bledowski C, Cohen KK, Wibral M, Rahm B, Bittner RA, Hoechstetter K, Scherg M, Maurer K, Goebel R, Linden DE: Mental chronometry of working memory retrieval: a combined functional magnetic resonance imaging and event-related potentials approach. J Neurosci 2006, 26(3):821-829.
• [28]Scherg M, Berg P: New concepts of brain source imaging and localization. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol Suppl 1996, 46:127-137.
• [29]Trautmann-Lengsfeld SA, Dominguez-Borras J, Escera C, Herrmann M, Fehr T: The perception of dynamic and static facial expressions of happiness and disgust investigated by ERPs and fMRI constrained source analysis. PLoS One 2013, 8(6):e66997.
• [30]Volkow ND, Fowler JS, Wang GJ, Swanson JM: Dopamine in drug abuse and addiction: results from imaging studies and treatment implications. Mol Psychiatry 2004, 9(6):557-569.
• [31]Hillyard SA: Electrical and magnetic brain recordings: contributions to cognitive neuroscience. Curr Opin Neurobiol 1993, 3(2):217-224.
• [32]Rozenkrants B, Polich J: Affective ERP processing in a visual oddball task: arousal, valence, and gender. Clin Neurophysiol 2008, 119(10):2260-2265.
• [33]Oldfield RC: The assessment and analysis of handedness: the Edinburgh inventory. Neuropsychologia 1971, 9(1):97-113.
• [34]Grant JE, Potenza MN: Pathological Gambling: A Clinical Guide to Treatment. Amer Psychiatric Pub Inc, Washington, DC; 2004.
• [35]Toce-Gerstein M, Gerstein DR, Volberg RA: A hierarchy of gambling disorders in the community. Addiction 2003, 98(12):1661-1672.
• [36]Petry J: Psychotherapie der Glücksspielsucht. Beltz/Psychologie Verlags Union, Weinheim; 1996.
• [37]Lesieur HR, Blume SB: The South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS): a new instrument for the identification of pathological gamblers. Am J Psychiatry 1987, 144(9):1184-1188.
• [38]Baldwin RR, Cantey WE, Maisel H, McDermott JP: The optimum strategy in blackjack. J Am Stat Assoc 1956, 51(275):429-439.
• [39]Friston KJ: Experimental Design and Statistical Issues. In Brain Mapping: The Disorders. Edited by Mazziotta JC, Toga AW. Academic Press, San Diego, CA; 2000:33-58.
• [40]Scherg M, Berg P: Use of prior knowledge in brain electromagnetic source analysis. Brain Topogr 1991, 4(2):143-150.
• [41]Hopfinger JB, Khoe W, Song A: Combining Electrophysiology with Structural and Functional Neuroimaging: ERP’s, PET, MRI, fMRI. In Event-Related Potentials A Methods Handbook. Edited by Handy TC. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA; 2005.
• [42]Scherg M, von Cramon D: Psychoacoustic and electrophysiologic correlates of central hearing disorders in man. Eur Arch Psychiatry Neurol Sci 1986, 236(1):56-60.
• [43]Scherg M, Picton TW: Separation and identification of event-related potential components by brain electric source analysis. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol Suppl 1991, 42:24-37.
• [44]Yang J, Li H, Zhang Y, Qiu J, Zhang Q: The neural basis of risky decision-making in a blackjack task. Neuroreport 2007, 18(14):1507-1510.
• [45]Donchin E, Karis D, Bashore TR, Coles MGH, Gratton G: Cognitive Psychophysiology and Human Information Processing. In Psychophysiology: Systems, Processes, and Applications. Edited by Coles MGH, Donchin E, Porges S. Guilford Press, New York; 1986:244-267.
• [46]Legg ES, Gotestam KG: The nature and treatment of excessive gambling. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1991, 84(2):113-120.
• [47]Warren CA, McDonough BE: Event-related brain potentials as indicators of smoking cue-reactivity. Clin Neurophysiol 1999, 110(9):1570-1584.
• [48]Davidson RJ: Emotion and affective style: hemispheric substrates. Psychol Sci 1992, 3(1):39-43.
• [49]Dolcos F, Cabeza R: Event-related potentials of emotional memory: encoding pleasant, unpleasant, and neutral pictures. Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci 2002, 2(3):252-263.
• [50]Miedl SF, Peters J, Buchel C: Altered neural reward representations in pathological gamblers revealed by delay and probability discounting. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2012, 69(2):177-186.
• [51]Miedl SF, Büchel C, Peters J: Cue-induced craving increases impulsivity via changes in striatal value signals in problem gamblers. J Neurosci 2014, 34(13):4750-4755.
• [52]Reuter J, Raedler T, Rose M, Hand I, Glascher J, Buchel C: Pathological gambling is linked to reduced activation of the mesolimbic reward system. Nat Neurosci 2005, 8(2):147-148.
• [53]Goudriaan AE, Oosterlaan J, de Beurs E, Van den Brink W: Pathological gambling: a comprehensive review of biobehavioral findings. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2004, 28(2):123-141.
• [54]Moser JS, Hajcak G, Bukay E, Simons RF: Intentional modulation of emotional responding to unpleasant pictures: an ERP study. Psychophysiology 2006, 43(3):292-296.
• [55]Wang Z, Faith M, Patterson F, Tang K, Kerrin K, Wileyto EP, Detre JA, Lerman C: Neural substrates of abstinence-induced cigarette cravings in chronic smokers. J Neurosci 2007, 27(51):14035-14040.
• [56]Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Fowler JS, Logan J, Gatley SJ, Hitzemann R, Chen AD, Dewey SL, Pappas N: Decreased striatal dopaminergic responsiveness in detoxified cocaine-dependent subjects. Nature 1997, 386(6627):830-833.
• [57]Ko CH, Liu GC, Hsiao S, Yen JY, Yang MJ, Lin WC, Yen CF, Chen CS: Brain activities associated with gaming urge of online gaming addiction. J Psychiatr Res 2009, 43(7):739-747.
• [58]Young MM, Wohl MJ, Matheson K, Baumann S, Anisman H: The desire to gamble: the influence of outcomes on the priming effects of a gambling episode. J Gambl Stud 2008, 24(3):275-293.
• [59]Anokhin AP, Golosheykin S, Sirevaag E, Kristjansson S, Rohrbaugh JW, Heath AC: Rapid discrimination of visual scene content in the human brain. Brain Res 2006, 1093(1):167-177.
• [60]McClernon FJ, Kozink RV, Lutz AM, Rose JE: 24-h smoking abstinence potentiates fMRI-BOLD activation to smoking cues in cerebral cortex and dorsal striatum. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2009, 204(1):25-35.
• [61]Gomez CM, Flores A, Digiacomo MR, Ledesma A, Gonzalez-Rosa J: P3a and P3b components associated to the neurocognitive evaluation of invalidly cued targets. Neurosci Lett 2008, 430(2):181-185.
• [62]Scott LS, Tanaka JW, Sheinberg DL, Curran T: The role of category learning in the acquisition and retention of perceptual expertise: a behavioral and neurophysiological study. Brain Res 2008, 1210:204-215.
• [63]Yalachkov Y, Kaiser J, Naumer MJ: Brain regions related to tool use and action knowledge reflect nicotine dependence. J Neurosci 2009, 29(15):4922-4929.
• [64]Goudriaan AE, Oosterlaan J, de Beurs E, van den Brink W: Decision making in pathological gambling: a comparison between pathological gamblers, alcohol dependents, persons with Tourette syndrome, and normal controls. Brain Res Cogn Brain Res 2005, 23(1):137-151.