Prevalence and influences of preschoolers’ sedentary behaviors in early learning centers: a cross-sectional study

BMC Pediatrics

Andrew M. Johnson²  Jennifer D. Irwin²  Shauna M. Burke²  Leigh M. Vanderloo³  Patricia Tucker¹ 

[1] School of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London N6G 1H1, Ontario, Canada;School of Health Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London N6A 5B9, Ontario, Canada;Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London N6G 1H1, Ontario, Canada

关键词: Accelerometers;    Early learning facilities;    Preschoolers;    Sedentary time;   

Others  :  1225219
DOI  :  10.1186/s12887-015-0441-5

 received in 2014-08-20, accepted in 2015-09-02,  发布年份 2015

【 摘 要 】

Background

Recent research has highlighted the need for increased evidence regarding the sedentary activity levels of preschoolers. Given the large proportion of time this population spends in various early learning facilities, the exploration of sedentary behaviors within this particular environment should be a priority. The purpose of the study was two-fold: (1) to compare sedentary time of preschoolers in three different early learning environments (i.e., full-day kindergarten [FDK], center-, and home-based childcare); and (2) to assess which characteristics (i.e., staff behaviors, sedentary environment, fixed play environment, portable play environment, sedentary opportunities) of these early learning environments influence preschoolers’ sedentary time.

Methods

Data collection occurred between September 2011 and June 2012. Preschoolers’ sedentary time was measured using Actical™ accelerometers at a 15 s epoch. The Environment and Policy Assessment and Observation (EPAO) tool was used to assess the sedentary environment of participating early learning classrooms, and those subscales (n = 5) that were evidence-informed as potentially influencing sedentary time in early learning centers were explored in the current study. A linear mixed model ANCOVA was carried out to determine the differences in sedentary time based on type of early learning environment while direct entry regression analyses were performed to describe the relationships between sedentary time and the five sedentary-specific EPAO subscale.

Results

Preschoolers (n = 218) from 28 early learning programs (i.e., 8 FDK, 9 centre-, and 8 home-based childcare facilities) participated. Accelerometry data revealed that preschoolers attending centre-based childcare engaged in the highest rate of sedentary time (41.62 mins/hr, SD = 3.78) compared to preschoolers in home-based childcare (40.72 mins/hr, SD = 6.34) and FDK (39.68 mins/hr, SD = 3.43). The models for FDK, center-based childcare, and home-based childcare, comprised each of the five EPAO subscales accounted for 10.5 %, 5.9 %, and 40.78 % of the variability in sedentary time, respectively. Only the models for FDK and home-based childcare were found to be statistically significant (p < .05).

Conclusions

This is the first exploration of differences in sedentary time among preschoolers in different early learning arrangements. Findings highlight the substantial portion of the day preschoolers spend in sedentary pursuits, and subsequently, the ongoing need to reduce preschoolers’ sedentary time in early learning programs, particularly among those attending centre-based childcare facilities.

【 授权许可】

   
2015 Tucker et al.

【 参考文献 】

• [1]Proctor MH, Moore LL, Gao D, Cupples LA, Bradlee ML, Hood MY et al.. Television viewing and change in body fat from preschool to early adolescence: The Framingham Children’s Study. Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. 2003; 27:827-833.
• [2]Jago R, Baranowski T, Baranowski JC, Thompson D, Greaves KA. BMI from 3-6y of age is predicted by TV viewing and physical activity, not diet. Int J Obes. 2005; 29:557-564.
• [3]Leblanc AG, Spence JC, Carson V, Connor Gorber S, Dillman C, Janssen I et al.. Systematic review of sedentary behaviour and health indicators in the early years (aged 0–4 years). Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2012; 37:753-772.
• [4]Tremblay MS, Colley RC, Saunders TJ, Healy GN, Owen N. Physiological and health implications of a sedentary lifestyle. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2010; 35:725-740.
• [5]Shea S, Bash CE, Guten B, Stein AD, Contento IR, Irigoyen M et al.. The rate of increase in blood pressure in children 5 years of age is related to changes in aerobic fitness and body mass index. Pediatrics. 1994; 94:465-470.
• [6]Thompson DA, Christakis DA. The association between television viewing and irregular sleep schedules among children less than 3 years of age. Pediatrics. 2005; 116:851-856.
• [7]Saunders TJ, Chaput JP, Tremblay M. Sedentary behaviour as an emerging risk factor for cardiometabolic diseases in children and youth. Can J Diab. 2014; 38:53-61.
• [8]Hamilton M, Healy G, Dunstan D, Zderic T, Owen N. Too little exercise and too much sitting: Inactivity physiology and the need for new recommendations on sedentary behavior. Curr Cardio Risk Rep. 2008; 2:292-298.
• [9]Colley R, Garriguet D, Adamo K, Carson V, Janssen I, Timmons BW et al.. Physical activity and sedentary behavior during the early years in Canada: a cross-sectional study. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2013; 10:54. BioMed Central Full Text
• [10]Byun W, Blair S, Pate R. Objectively measured sedentary behavior in preschool children: Comparison between Montessori and traditional preschools. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2013; 10:2. BioMed Central Full Text
• [11]Vanderloo LM, Tucker P, Johnson AM, Van Zandvoort MM, Burke SM, Irwin JD. The Influence of Centre-Based Childcare on Preschoolers’ Physical Activity Levels: A Cross-Sectional Study. Int Jf Environ Res Pub Health. 2014; 11:1794-1802.
• [12]Temple VA, Naylor PJ, Rhodes RE, Wharf Higgins J. Physical activity of children in family child care. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2009; 34:794-798.
• [13]Tremblay MS, LeBlanc AG, Carson V, Choquette L, Connor Gorber S, Dillman C et al.. Canadian Sedentary Behaviour Guidelines for the Early Years (aged 0–4 years). Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2012; 37(2):370-391.
• [14]Carson V, Tremblay MS, Spence JC, Timmons BW, Janssen I. The Canadian Sedentary Behaviour Guidelines for the early years (zero to four years of age) and screen time among children from Kingston, Ontario. Paediatr & Child Health. 2013; 18:25-28.
• [15]Vanderloo LM: Screen-viewing among preschoolers in childcare: A systematic review. BMC Pub Health 2014;14:205. (online journal)
• [16]Tandon PS, Zhou C, Lozano P, Christakis DA. Preschoolers’ total daily screen time at home and by type of child care. J Pediatr. 2011; 158:297-300.
• [17]Cleveland G, Forer B, Hyatt D, Japel C, Krashinsky M. New evidence about child care in Canada: Use patterns, affordability and quality. IRPP Choices. 2008; 14:1-44.
• [18]Hinkley T, Salmon J, Okely AD, Trost SG. Correlates of sedentary behaviours in preschool children: A review. Int Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2010; 7:66. BioMed Central Full Text
• [19]Sugiyama T, Okely AD, Masters JM, Moore GT. Attributes of child care centers and outdoor play areas associated with preschoolers’ physical activity and sedentary behavior. Environ and Behav. 2012; 44:334-349.
• [20]Pate RR, O’Neill JR, Brown WH, McIver KL, Howie EK, Dowda M. Top 10 research questions related to physical activity in preschool children. Res Q Exerc Sport. 2013; 84:448-455.
• [21]Tucker P, Vanderloo L, Newnham-Kanas C, Burke SM, Irwin JD, Johnson AM et al.. Learning Environments’ Activity Potential for Preschoolers (LEAPP): Study rationale and design. J Pub Health Res. 2013; 2:113-117.
• [22]Pate RR, O’Neill JR, Mitchell J. Measurement of physical activity in preschool children. Med Sci Sports Exerce. 2010; 42:508-512.
• [23]Bower JK, Hales DP, Tate DF, Rubin DA, Benjamin SE, Ward DS. The childcare environment and children’s physical activity. J Prev Med. 2008; 34:23-29.
• [24]Ward D, Hales D, Haverly K, Marks J, Benjamin S, Ball S et al.. An instrument to assess the obsogenic environment of child care centers. Am J Health Behavr. 2008; 32:380-386.
• [25]Center for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention. University of North, Carolina at Chapel Hill; 2005.
• [26]Gubbels J, Van Kann DHH, Jansen MWJ: Play equipment, physical activity opportunities, and children’s activity levels at childcare. J Environ Pub Health. 2012: 326520. (online journal)
• [27]Colley RC, Connor Gorber S, Tremblay MS. Quality control and data reduction procedures for accelerometry-derived measures of physical activity (Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 82-003-X). Health Rep. 2010; 21:1-8.
• [28]Colley RC, Harvey A, Grattan K, Adamo KB. Impact of accelerometer epoch length on physical activity and sedentary behaviour outcomes for preschool-aged children (Statistics Canada, Catalogue no. 82-003-X). Health Rep. 2014; 25:3-9.
• [29]Pfeiffer KA, McIver KL, Dowda M, Almeida MJC, Pate RR. Validation and calibration of the Actical accelerometer in preschool children. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2006; 38:125-157.
• [30]Vanderloo LM, Tucker P, Johnson AM, Burke SM, Irwin JD: Environmental influences on preschoolers’ physical activity levels in various early learning facilities. Manuscript submitted for publication in Res Q Exerc Sport 2014.
• [31]Reilly JJ. Low levels of objectively measured physical activity in preschoolers in child care. Med Science Sports Exerc. 2010; 42:502-507.
• [32]Cardon G, Van Cauwenberghe E, Labarque V, Haerens L, De Bourdeaudhuij I. The contribution of preschool playground factors in explaining children’s physical activity during recess. Int J Behav Nutr Physl Act. 2008; 5:1-6. BioMed Central Full Text
• [33]van Zandvoort M, Tucker P, Irwin JD, Burke SM. Physical activity at daycare: issues, challenges and perspectives. Early Years. 2010; 30:175-188.
• [34]Lubans DR, Morgan PJ, Cliff DP, Barnett LM, Okely AD. Fundamental movement skills in children and adolescents: Review of associated health benefits. Sports Med. 2010; 40:1019-1035.
• [35]Talley L, Cook R, Naylor PJ, Temple VA. Physical activity during full day and half day kindergarten. Journal of Educational Practices. 2012; 10(1):140-148.
• [36]Dennison BA, Erb TA, Jenkins PL. Television viewing and television in bedroom associated with overweight risk among low-income preschool children. Pediatrics. 2002; 109:1028-1035.
• [37]Hoyos Cilero I, Jago R. Systematic review of correlates among screen-viewing among young children. Prev Med. 2010; 51:3-10.
• [38]Gordon ES, Tucker P, Burke SM, Carron AV. Effectiveness of physical activity interventions for preschoolers: A meta-analysis. Res Q Exerc Sport. 2013; 84:287-294.
• [39]O’Connor JP, Temple VA. Constraints and facilitators for physical activity in family day care. Austr J Early Child. 2005; 30:1-9.