Antibacterial, antidiarrhoeal, and cytotoxic activities of methanol extract and its fractions of Caesalpinia bonducella (L.) Roxb leaves

BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine

Akbar Ali Mia²  SM Anisul Islam²  Ekramul Islam³  Shahnaj Parvin³  Hajera Khatun¹  Rafikul Islam²  Muhammad Mutassim Billah² 

[1] Department of Pharmacy, South East University, Dhaka 1213, Bangladesh;Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong 4203, Bangladesh;Department of Pharmacy, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh

关键词: Cytotoxicity;    Antidiarrhoeal;    Antimicrobial;    Caesalpinia bonducella;   

Others  :  1229963
DOI  :  10.1186/1472-6882-13-101

 received in 2012-09-02, accepted in 2013-05-08,  发布年份 2013

【 摘 要 】

Background

Caesalpinia bonducella is an important medicinal plant for its traditional uses against different types of diseases. Therefore, the present study investigated the antimicrobial, antidiarrhoeal, and cytotoxic activities of the methanol extract and ethyl acetate, chloroform, and petroleum ether (pet. ether) fractions of C. bonducella leaves.

Methods

The antibacterial potentialities of methanol extract and its fractions of C. bonducella leaves were investigated by the disc diffusion method against four gram-positive and five gram-negative bacteria at 300, 500 and 800 μg/disc. Kanamycin (30 μg/disc) was used as the standard drug. Antidiarrhoeal activities of leaf extracts were evaluated at two doses (200 and 400 mg/kg) and compared with loperamide in a castor oil-induced diarrhoeal model in rat. The fractions were subjected to a brine shrimp lethality test to evaluate their cytotoxicity.

Results

The methanol extract and other three fractions exhibited better activities at higher concentrations. Amongst, the chloroform fraction showed maximum activity at all three concentrations (300, 500, and 800 μg/disc) against almost all bacteria. S. aureus and P. aeruginosa showed better sensitivities to all extracts at all three concentrations excluding the pet. ether fraction. Bacillus megaterium and Klebsiella spp. were two bacteria amongst nine that showed lowest sensitivity to the extracts. Maximum zone of inhibition (25-mm) was obtained by the methanol extract at an 800 μg/disc concentration against S. aureus. In the antidiarrhoeal test, all fractions exhibited dose-dependent actions, which were statistically significant (p < 0.05). Ethyl acetate fraction exerted maximum inhibition (51.11%) against defecation, whereas 57.75% inhibition was obtained for loperamide. Moderate cytotoxicity was found for the methanol extract and its three fractions compared with the standard drug vincristine sulfate in the brine shrimp bioassay. In the present study, the LC₅₀ values of the methanol crude extract and ethyl acetate, chloroform, pet. ether fractions and vincristine sulfate were 223.87, 281.84, 112.2, 199.53, and 12.59 μg/mL, respectively. Therefore, the ethyl acetate fraction showed maximum cytotoxicity, whereas minimum cytotoxicity was observed for the chloroform fraction.

Conclusion

The present study revealed that the ethyl acetate fraction of the C. bonducella leaves has significant antidiarrhoeal properties. The methanol extract and other three fractions of the C. bonducella leaves possess potent antibacterial activities along with moderate cytotoxicities that may lead to new drug development.

【 授权许可】

   
2013 Billah et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

【 图 表 】

Figure 1.

【 参考文献 】

• [1]Asolkar LV, Kakkar KK, Chakre OJ: To glossary of Indian medicinal plants with active principles. New Delhi: PID-CSIR; 1992:150. [Second Suppl. Part 1]
• [2]Nazeerullah K, Sunil K, Pal SR, Neelam D: A Pharmacognostic and pharmacological overview on Caesalpinia bonducella. Res J Pharma, Biol and Chem Sci 2012, 3:480-496.
• [3]Moon K, Khadabadi SS, Deokate UA, Deore SL: Caesalpinia bonducella F- an overview. Report and Opinion 2010, 2:83-90.
• [4]Kshirsagar Sunil N: Nootropic activity of dried seed kernels of Caesalpinia crista Linn against scopolamine induced amnesia in mice. Int J Pharma Tech Res 2011, 3:104-109.
• [5]Emmanuel N, Swaran D: Biological effects of Caesalpinia crista seed extracts on Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and its predator, Coccinella septumounctete (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). J Asia-Pacific Entomol 2006, 9:159-164.
• [6]Raghunathan K, Mitra R: Pharmacognosy of indigenous drugs, part-I. Edited by Raghunathan K, Mitra R. New Delhi: Central Council for Research in Ayurveda Siddha; 1982:484-510.
• [7]Khedkar A, Mandavkar YD, Shinde G, Khalure P, Pravin D: Diuretic effect of Caesalpinia bonduc in rats. Bangladesh J Pharmacol 2011, 6:61-63.
• [8]Arindam B, Shruti R, Babu CR: A trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor from Caesalpinia bonduc seeds: Isolation, partial characterization and insecticidal properties. Plant Physiol and Biochem 2007, 45:169-177.
• [9]Iyenger MA, Pendse GS: Antidiarrhoeal activity of the nut of Caesalpinia bunducella Flem. Indian J Pharacol 1965, 27:307-308.
• [10]Devi RA, Tandan SK, Kumar D, Dudhgaonkar SP, Lal J: Analgesic activity of Caesalpinia bonducella flowers extract. Pharma Biol 2008, 46:668-672.
• [11]Ata A, Gale EM, Samarasekera R: Bioactive chemical constituens of Caesalpinia bonduc (Fabaceae). Phytochem Lett 2009, 2:106-109.
• [12]Ahmed F, Shah RK, Rahman GM, Hossain MH: Pharmacological profile of Caesalpinia bonducella Flem. West Afr J Pharmacol Drug Res 2004, 20:58-61.
• [13]Srinivas RS: Preliminary phytochemical and pharmacological investigation on root of C. Bonduc (F: Caesalpiniaceae). India: HEKES College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy; 2010. [M. Pharm Thesis]
• [14]Sukhdev KA, Dhondiram MY, Khalure PR, Balasaheb CN: Antifertility activity of root bark of Caesalpinia bonduc Linn. Roxb in female albino rats. Pharmacologyonline 2011, 3:34-41.
• [15]Ganesh HW, Sandeep RK, Sunil SM, Mahesh GH: In-vitro anthelmintic activity of Caesalpinia bonducella (Linn). Flem. leaves. J Pharm Res 2010, 3:926-927.
• [16]Gupta M, Mazumder U, Kumar RS, Kumar TS: Studies on anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic properties of methanol extract of C. bonducella leaves in experimental animal models. Iranian J Pharmacol Ther 2003, 2:30-34.
• [17]Yadav PP, Maurya R, Sarkar J, Arora A, Kanojiya S, Sinha S, Srivastava MN, Raghubir R: Cassane diterpenes from Caesalpinia bonduc. Phytochemistry 2009, 70:256-261.
• [18]Muruganantham N, Basavaraj KH, Dhanabal SP, Praveen TK, Shamasundar NM, Rao KS: Screening of Caesalpinia bonduc leaves for antipsoriatic activity. J Ethnopharmacol 2011, 133:897-901.
• [19]Ramesh BN, Indi SS, Rao KS: Anti-amyloidogenic property of Caesalpinia crista. Neurosci Lett 2010, 475:110-114.
• [20]Sambath R, Kumar K, Asok KN, Venkateswara M: Hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects of Caesalpinia bonducella on carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury in rats. Int Res J Plant Sci 2010, 1:062-068.
• [21]Gupta M, Mazumder U, Kumar RS: Hepatoprotective and antioxidant role of C. bonducella on paracetamol-induced liver damage in rats. Nat Prod Sci 2003, 9:186-191.
• [22]Gupta M, Mazumder UK, Kanti U, Ramanathan SK, Sivakumar T, Vamsi ML: Antitumor activity and antioxidant status of Caesalpinia bonducella against Ehrlich Ascites carcinoma in Swis albino mice. J Pharmacol Sci 2004, 92:177-184.
• [23]Sundare KS, Periyanayagam K, Ismail M: Mosquito larvicidal properties of various extract of leaves and fixed oil from the seeds of Caesalpinia bonduc (L) Roxb. The J Comm Dis 2007, 39:153-157.
• [24]Gayaraja S, Shinde S, Agarwal SL: Antiashmatic properties of Caesalpinia bonducella leaves. Indian J Pharmacol 1978, 10:86-89.
• [25]Yadav PP, Arora A, Bid HK, Konwar RT, Kanojiva S: New cassane butenolide hemiketal diterpenes from the marine creeper Caesalpinia bonduc and their proliferative activity. Tetrahedron Lett 2007, 48:7194-7198.
• [26]Datte JY, Traore A, Offoumou AM, Ziegler A: Effects of leaf extract of Caesalpinia bonduc (Caesalpiniaceae) on the contractile activity of uterine smooth muscle of pregnant rats. J Ethnopharmacol 1998, 60:149-155.
• [27]Datte JY, Yapo PA, Kouame-Koffi GG, Kati-Coulibaly S, Amoikon KE, Offoumou AM: Leaf extract of Caesalpinia bonduc Roxb. (Caesalpiniaceae) induces an increase of contractile force in rat skeletal muscle in situ. Phytomedicine 2004, 11:235-241.
• [28]Ahsan MR, Islam KM, Haque ME, Mossaddik MA: In vitro antibacterial and toxicity study of some different medicinal plants. World J Agric Sci 2009, 5:617-621.
• [29]Kavitha S, Vidyasagar GM: Antimicrobial activity of α-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)-ω-(2-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl) polymethylene from Caesalpinia bonducella Flem. Indian J Pharm Sci 2010, 72:497-500.
• [30]Preeja G, Suresh P: Evaluation of acute and sub-acute toxicity of methanolic extract of Caesalpinia bonducella (L.) Fleming. European J Sci Res 2011, 53:462-469.
• [31]Sagar K, Vidyasagar GM: Evaluation of acute and sub-acute toxicities of leaf extract of Caesalpinia bonducella (L.) Flem. Int J Pharma and Bio Sci 2010, 1:1-15.
• [32]Kumar RS, Gupta M, Mazumder UK, Rajeshwar Y, Kumar TS, Gomathi P, Roy R: Effects of methanol extracts of Caesalpinia buoducella and Bauhinia racemosa on hematology and hepatorenal function in mice. J Toxicol Sci 2005, 30:265-274.
• [33]Bauer AW, Kirby MM, Sherries JC, Tuck M: Antibiotic susceptibility testing by a standardized disc diffusion method. Am J Clin Pathol 1966, 45:493-496.
• [34]Shoba FG, Thomas M: Study of antidiarrhoeal activity of four medicinal plants in castor oil induced diarrhea. J Ethnopharmacol 2001, 76:73-76.
• [35]Meyer BN, Ferrigni NR, Putnam JE, Nichols DE, McLaughlin JL: Brine shrimp: a convenient general bioassay for active plants constituents. J Med Plant Res 1982, 45:31-34.
• [36]Zhao GY, Hui JK, Rupprecht JL, McLaughli KV: Additional bioactive compounds and trilobacin, a novel highly cytotoxic acetogenin, from the bark of Asimina triloba. J Nat Prod 1992, 55:347-356.
• [37]Cowan MM: Plant products as antimicrobial agents. Clin Microbiol Rev 1999, 12:564-582.
• [38]Ahmed I, Mehmood Z, Mohammad F: Screening of some Indian medicinal plants for their antimicrobial properties. J Ethnopharmacol 1998, 62:183-193.
• [39]Ghosh A, Das BK, Roy A, Mandal B, Chandra G: Antibacterial activity of some medicinal plant extracts. J Nat Med 2008, 62:259-262.
• [40]Rabe T, Van Staden J: Antibacterial activity of South African plants used for medicinal purposes. J Ethnopharmacol 1997, 56:81-87.
• [41]Koduru S, Grierson DS, Afolayan AJ: Antimicrobial activity of Solanum aculeastrum. Pharm Biol 2006, 44:283-286.
• [42]Okeke MI, Iroegbu CU, Eze EN, Okoli AS, Esimone CO: Evaluation of extracts of the root of Landolphia owerrience for antibacterial activity. J Ethnopharmacol 2001, 78:119-127.
• [43]Ebi GC, Ofoefule SI: Investigating into folkloric antimicrobial activities of Landolphia owerrience. Phytother Res 1997, 11:149-151.
• [44]Mendonça-Filho RR: Turning medicinal plants into drugs bioactive Phytocompounds: New approaches in the Phytosciences. In Modern Phytomedicine. Edited by Ahmad I, Aqil F, Owais M. Germany: WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim; 2006:1-24.
• [45]Boschi PC, Lanata C, Black R: The Global Burden of Childhood Diarrhoea. In International maternal and child health. Edited by Ehiri JE, Meremikwu M. Washington DC: Springer Publishers; 2009.
• [46]Qnais EY, Elokda AS, Ghalyun YY, Abdulla FA: Antidiarrhoeal activity of the aqueous extract of Punica granatum (Pomegranate) peels. Pharma Biol 2007, 45:715-725.
• [47]Ojewole JA, Awe EO, Chiwororo WD: Antidiarrhoeal activity of Psidium guajava Linn. (Myrtaceae) leaf aqueous extract in rodents. J Smooth Muscle Res 2008, 44:195-207.
• [48]Ezekwesili CN, Obiora KA, Ugwu OP: Evaluation of Anti-diarrhoeal property of crude aqueous extract of Ocimum gratissimum L. (Labiatae) in rats. Biokemistri 2004, 16:122-131.
• [49]Perianagam JB, Narayanan S, Gnanasekar G: Evaluation of Antidiarrhoeal potential of Emblica officinalis. Pharmautical Biology 2005, 43:373-377.
• [50]Mazumder R, Bhattacharya S, Mazumder A, Pattnaik AK, Tiwary PM, Chaudhary S: Antidiarrhoeal evaluation of Aegle marmelos (Correa) Linn. Root extract. Phytotherapy Research 2006, 20:82-84.
• [51]Maikere FR, Van PL, Mutwewingabo A, Habiyaremye FX: Study of Rwandese medicinal plants used in the treatment of diarrhea. J Ethnopharmacology 1989, 26:101-109.
• [52]Almeida CE, Karnikowski MG, Foleto R, Baldisserotto B: Analysis of antidiarrhoeic effect of plants used in popular medicine. Revista de Saude Publica 1995, 29:428-433.
• [53]Anonymous: Diarrhoeal diseases control program. Weekly Epidemic Record 1979, 16:121.
• [54]Lutterodt GD: Inhibition of gastrointestinal release of acetylcholine by quercetin as a possible mode of action of Psidium guajara leaf extracts in the treatment of acute diarrhoea disease. J Ethnopharmacology 1989, 23:235-247.
• [55]Humber JM: The role of complementary and alternative medicine: accommodating pluralism. J Am Med Assoc 2002, 288:1655-1656.
• [56]Mahesh GS, Paras P, Manish P, Samresh PR, Asish NP: Antidiarrheal activity of methanolic extract of Moringa oleifera Lam roots in experimental animal model. Int J Pharm Res 2010, 2:35-39.