Is agriculture driving the diversification of the Bemisia tabaci species complex (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Aleyrodidae)?: Dating, diversification and biogeographic evidence revealed

BMC Evolutionary Biology

Paul J De Barro⁴  Ian Small³  Gregory Evans¹  Charles D Bell²  Laura M Boykin³ 

[1] USDA/APHIS/NIS, 10300 Baltimore Ave, BARC-West, Bldg. 005, Room 09A, Beltsville, MA 20705, USA;Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Orleans, 2000 Lakeshore Drive, New Orleans, LA 70148, USA;ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, M315, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia;CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences, GPO Box 2583, Brisbane QLD 4001, Australia

关键词: Fossils;    Insect evolution;    BEAST;    Molecular clock dating;    Aleyrodidae;    Whitefly;   

Others  :  1085623
DOI  :  10.1186/1471-2148-13-228

 received in 2013-07-24, accepted in 2013-10-01,  发布年份 2013

【 摘 要 】

Background

Humans and insect herbivores are competing for the same food crops and have been for thousands of years. Despite considerable advances in crop pest management, losses due to insects remain considerable. The global homogenisation of agriculture has supported the range expansion of numerous insect pests and has been driven in part by human-assisted dispersal supported through rapid global trade and low-cost air passenger transport. One of these pests, is the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, a cryptic species complex that contains some of the world’s most damaging pests of agriculture. The complex shows considerable genetic diversity and strong phylogeographic relationships. One consequence of the considerable impact that members of the B. tabaci complex have on agriculture, is the view that human activity, particularly in relation to agricultural practices, such as use of insecticides, has driven the diversification found within the species complex. This has been particularly so in the case of two members of the complex, Middle East-Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1) and Mediterranean (MED), which have become globally distributed invasive species. An alternative hypothesis is that diversification is due to paleogeographic and paleoclimatological changes.

Results

The idea that human activity is driving speciation within the B. tabaci complex has never been tested, but the increased interest in fossil whiteflies and the growth in molecular data have enabled us to apply a relaxed molecular clock and so estimate divergence dates for the major lineages within the B. tabaci species complex. The divergence estimates do not support the view that human activity has been a major driver of diversification.

Conclusions

Our analysis suggests that the major lineages within the complex arose approximately 60–30 mya and the highly invasive MED and MEAM1 split from the rest of the species complex around 12 mya well before the evolution of Homo sapiens and agriculture. Furthermore, the divergence dates coincide with a period of global diversification that occurred broadly across the plant and animal kingdoms and was most likely associated with major climatic and tectonic events.

【 授权许可】

   
2013 Boykin et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

【 图 表 】

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