Species and gene divergence in Littorina snails detected by array comparative genomic hybridization

BMC Genomics

Carl André²  Anders Tunlid³  Kerstin Johannesson²  Magnus Alm Rosenblad¹  Johan Bentzer³  Björn Canbäck³  Tomas Johansson³  Marina Panova² 

[1]Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden

[2]Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences - Tjärnö, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden

[3]Department of Biology, Microbial Ecology Group, Lund University, Lund, Sweden

关键词: Gene divergence;    Genome evolution;    Ecotypes;    Littorina;    Oligonucleotide arrays;    Comparative genomic hybridization;   

Others  :  1216263
DOI  :  10.1186/1471-2164-15-687

 received in 2014-02-06, accepted in 2014-08-11,  发布年份 2014

【 摘 要 】

Background

Array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) is commonly used to screen different types of genetic variation in humans and model species. Here, we performed aCGH using an oligonucleotide gene-expression array for a non-model species, the intertidal snail Littorina saxatilis. First, we tested what types of genetic variation can be detected by this method using direct re-sequencing and comparison to the Littorina genome draft. Secondly, we performed a genome-wide comparison of four closely related Littorina species: L. fabalis, L. compressa, L. arcana and L. saxatilis and of populations of L. saxatilis found in Spain, Britain and Sweden. Finally, we tested whether we could identify genetic variation underlying “Crab” and “Wave” ecotypes of L. saxatilis.

Results

We could reliably detect copy number variations, deletions and high sequence divergence (i.e. above 3%), but not single nucleotide polymorphisms. The overall hybridization pattern and number of significantly diverged genes were in close agreement with earlier phylogenetic reconstructions based on single genes. The trichotomy of L. arcana, L. compressa and L. saxatilis could not be resolved and we argue that these divergence events have occurred recently and very close in time. We found evidence for high levels of segmental duplication in the Littorina genome (10% of the transcripts represented on the array and up to 23% of the analyzed genomic fragments); duplicated genes and regions were mostly the same in all analyzed species. Finally, this method discriminated geographically distant populations of L. saxatilis, but we did not detect any significant genome divergence associated with ecotypes of L. saxatilis.

Conclusions

The present study provides new information on the sensitivity and the potential use of oligonucleotide arrays for genotyping of non-model organisms. Applying this method to Littorina species yields insights into genome evolution following the recent species radiation and supports earlier single-gene based phylogenies. Genetic differentiation of L. saxatilis ecotypes was not detected in this study, despite pronounced innate phenotypic differences. The reason may be that these differences are due to single-nucleotide polymorphisms.

【 授权许可】

   
2014 Panova et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

【 图 表 】

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