Assessment of vaccine candidates for persons aged 50 and older: a review

BMC Geriatrics

Hester E de Melker⁴  Alies van Lier⁴  Anita Suijkerbuijk³  Ted GA van Essen¹  Paul FM Krabbe²  Renske Eilers⁴ 

[1] Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, P.O. Box 85500, Utrecht 3508 GA, The Netherlands;Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, Academic Medical Center Groningen, P.O. Box 30.001, Groningen 9700 RB, The Netherlands;Center for Prevention and Health Services Research, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, Bilthoven 3720 BA, The Netherlands;Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, Bilthoven 3720 BA, The Netherlands

关键词: Hepatitis A;    Pertussis;    Pneumococcal disease;    Herpes zoster;    Vaccines;    Vaccination;    Older persons;   

Others  :  857796
DOI  :  10.1186/1471-2318-13-32

 received in 2012-10-25, accepted in 2013-04-08,  发布年份 2013

【 摘 要 】

Background

The increasing life expectancy in most European countries has resulted in growth of the population 50 and older. This population is more susceptible to infectious diseases because of immunosenescence, co-morbidity and general frailty. Thus, to promote healthy aging, vaccination against vaccine-preventable-diseases could be one strategy. In addition to its possible individual benefits, vaccination may also yield social benefits, such as a lower overall cost of healthcare. Most European countries, however, offer only influenza vaccine although vaccines for pneumococcal disease, herpes zoster, pertussis, and hepatitis A are also available. Our aim is to review the knowledge of these vaccines for persons aged 50 and older and explore the arguments for expanding current vaccination programmes beyond just influenza.

Methods

The evaluation model of Kimman et al. was used to assess herpes zoster, pneumococcal disease, pertussis and hepatitis A in terms of four domains: pathogen, vaccine, disease outcomes and cost-effectiveness. The sources were Dutch surveillance systems, seroprevalence studies and the international literature.

Results

Herpes zoster, pneumococcal disease and pertussis are prevalent among persons aged 50 and older. Vaccines vary in effectiveness and have mild and self-limiting side effects. Vaccination against pneumococcal disease and pertussis causes adaptation of the responsible pathogen. For pertussis and hepatitis A, the vaccine is not registered specifically for the elderly population. Vaccination against herpes zoster and pertussis could improve quality of life, while vaccination against pneumococcal disease and hepatitis A prevents mortality. However, only vaccination against herpes zoster and pneumococcal disease appear to be cost-effective.

Conclusions

Vaccination can improve the health of the elderly population. As our review shows, however, the data are too incomplete to accurately judge its potential impact. More research is needed to determine how vaccination can most effectively improve the health of the growing population 50 years and older.

【 授权许可】

   
2013 Eilers et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

【 图 表 】

【 参考文献 】

• [1]Eurostat: Mortality and life expectancy statistics. Belgium: European Commission; 2011.
• [2]Eurostat: Healthy life years statistics. Belgium: European Commission; 2011.
• [3]European Commission: Europe in figures: Eurostat yearbook 2010. Luxemburg: European Union; 2010.
• [4]Mathei C, Vaes B, Wallemacq P, Degryse J: Associations between cytomegalovirus infection and functional impairment and frailty in the BELFRAIL Cohort. J Am Geriatr Soc 2011, 59(12):2201-2208.
• [5]Yoshikawa TT: Epidemiology and unique aspects of aging and infectious diseases. Clin Infect Dis 2000, 30(6):931-933.
• [6]Franceschi C, Capri M, Monti D, Giunta S, Olivieri F, Sevini F, Panourgia MP, Invidia L, Celani L, Scurti M, et al.: Inflammaging and anti-inflammaging: a systemic perspective on aging and longevity emerged from studies in humans. Mech Ageing Dev 2007, 128(1):92-105.
• [7]World Health Organisation (WHO): WHO Vaccine Preventable Diseases Monitoring System. Geneva: World Health Organisation; 2011. 27-09-2011
• [8]Michel JP, Chidiac C, Grubeck-Loebenstein B, Johnson RW, Lambert PH, Maggi S, Moulias R, Nicholson K, Werner H: Coalition of advocates to vaccinate of Western European citizens aged 60 years and older. Aging Clin Exp Res 2009, 21(3):254-257.
• [9]Kimman TG, Boot HJ, Berbers GA, Vermeer-de Bondt PE, Ardine de Wit G, de Melker HE: Developing a vaccination evaluation model to support evidence-based decision making on national immunization programs. Vaccine 2006, 24(22):4769-4778.
• [10]National Health Council the Netherlands: The future of the national immunisation program: towards a program for all age groups. The Hague: National Health Council the Netherlands; 2007.
• [11]ACIP Recommendations. 2012. [http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/ACIP-list.htm webcite], acces date: 02-04
• [12]Van Vliet JA: History of the notifications. Tijdschrift voor infectieziekten 2009, 4(2):51-60.
• [13]Jansen AG, Rodenburg GD, van der Ende A, van Alphen L, Veenhoven RH, Spanjaard L, Sanders EA, Hak E: Invasive pneumococcal disease among adults: associations among serotypes, disease characteristics, and outcome. Clin Infect Dis 2009, 49(2):e23-29.
• [14]De Melker HE, Conyn-van Spaendonck MA: Immunosurveillance and the evaluation of national immunization programmes: a population-based approach. Epidemiol Infect 1998, 121(3):637-643.
• [15]Mollema L, de Melker HE, Hahné SJM, van Weert JWM, Berbers GAM, van der Klis FRM: Pienter 2-Project: second research project on the protection against infectious diseases offered by the national immunization program in the Netherlands. Bilthoven: National Institute for Public Health and the Environment; 2009.
• [16]de Melker H, Berbers G, Hahne S, Rumke H, van den Hof S, de Wit A, Boot H: The epidemiology of varicella and herpes zoster in The Netherlands: implications for varicella zoster virus vaccination. Vaccine 2006, 24(18):3946-3952.
• [17]National Coordination Centre for Outbreak Management: Varicella- en herpeszostervirusinfection – chickenpox and shingles. In B02. Edited by Environment NIfPHa. Bilthoven: National Coordination Centre for Outbreak Management; 2005. last revised 2008
• [18]Fedson DS, Nicolas-Spony L, Klemets P, van der Linden M, Marques A, Salleras L, Samson SI: Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccination for adults: new perspectives for Europe. Expert Rev Vaccines 2011, 10(8):1143-1167.
• [19]Jansen AG, Rodenburg GD, de Greeff SC, Hak E, Veenhoven RH, Spanjaard L, Schouls LM, Sanders EA, van der Ende A: Invasive pneumococcal disease in the Netherlands: Syndromes, outcome and potential vaccine benefits. Vaccine 2009, 27(17):2394-2401.
• [20]Palmu AA, Kaijalainen T, Saukkoriipi A, Leinonen M, Kilpi TM: Nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae and pneumococcal urine antigen test in healthy elderly subjects. Scand J Infect Dis 2012, 44(46):433-8.
• [21]de Greeff SC, de Melker HE, van Gageldonk PG, Schellekens JF, van der Klis FR, Mollema L, Mooi FR, Berbers GA: Seroprevalence of pertussis in The Netherlands: evidence for increased circulation of Bordetella pertussis. PLoS One 2010, 5(12):e14183.
• [22]de Melker HE, Versteegh FG, Schellekens JF, Teunis PF, Kretzschmar M: The incidence of Bordetella pertussis infections estimated in the population from a combination of serological surveys. J Infect 2006, 53(2):106-113.
• [23]Suijkerbuijk A, Lugnér A, van Pelt W, Wallinga J, Verhoef L, de Melker H, de Wit A: Assesing potential introduction of universal and targeted hepatitis A vaccination in the Netherlands. Bilthoven: Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Millieu; 2012.
• [24]National Coordination Centre for Outbreak Management: Hepatitis A. In B15. Edited by Environment NIfPHa. Bilthoven: National Coordination Centre for Outbreak Management; 2003. last revised 2009
• [25]Harpas R, Ortega-Sanchez IR, Seward JF: Prevention of Herpes Zoster: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR 2008, 57:1-30.
• [26]Plotkin SA, Orenstein WA, Offit PA: Vaccines. 5th edition. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2008.
• [27]National Coordination Centre for Outbreak Management: Pertussis. In A37. Edited by Environment NIfPHa. Bilthoven; 2007.
• [28]Hong JY: Update on pertussis and pertussis immunization. Korean J Pediatr 2010, 53(5):629-633.
• [29]Mertens PL, Stals FS, Schellekens JF, Houben AW, Huisman J: An epidemic of pertussis among elderly people in a religious institution in The Netherlands. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1999, 18(4):242-247.
• [30]Perevoscikovs J Fau-Lucenko I, Lucenko I Fau-Magone S, Magone S Fau-Brila A, Brila A Fau-Curikova J, Curikova J: Community-wide outbreak of hepatitis A in Latvia, in 2008.. Eurosurveillance; 2008:1560-7917. Electronic
• [31]Castkova J, Benes C: Increase in hepatitis A cases in the Czech Republic in 2008 - an update. Euro Surveill 2009, 14(3):19091.
• [32]Hrivniakova L, Slacikova M, Kolcunova S: Hepatitis A outbreak in a Roma village in eastern Slovakia, August-November 2008. Euro Surveill 2009, 14(3):19099.
• [33]Suijkerbuijk AW, Lugner AK, van Pelt W, Wallinga J, Verhoef LP, de Melker HE, de Wit GA: Assessing potential introduction of universal or targeted hepatitis A vaccination in the Netherlands. Vaccine 2012, 30(35):5199-205.
• [34]Costa-Mattioli M, Di Napoli A, Ferre V, Billaudel S, Perez-Bercoff R, Cristina J: Genetic variability of hepatitis A virus. J Gen Virol 2003, 84(Pt 12):3191-3201.
• [35]Loparev VN, Rubtcova EN, Bostik V, Tzaneva V, Sauerbrei A, Robo A, Sattler-Dornbacher E, Hanovcova I, Stepanova V, Splino M, et al.: Distribution of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) wild-type genotypes in northern and southern Europe: evidence for high conservation of circulating genotypes. Virology 2009, 383(2):216-225.
• [36]Mooi FR, van Loo IH, van Gent M, He Q, Bart MJ, Heuvelman KJ, de Greeff SC, Diavatopoulos D, Teunis P, Nagelkerke N, et al.: Bordetella pertussis strains with increased toxin production associated with pertussis resurgence. Emerg Infect Dis 2009, 15(8):1206-1213.
• [37]Jansen AG, Sanders EA, Hoes AW, van Loon AM, Hak E: Influenza- and respiratory syncytial virus-associated mortality and hospitalisations. Eur Respir J 2007, 30(6):1158-1166.
• [38]Johnson R, McElhaney J, Pedalino B, Levin M: Prevention of herpes zoster and its painful and debilitating complications. Int J Infect Dis 2007, 11(Suppl 2):S43-48.
• [39]Schaffner W: Update on vaccine-preventable diseases: are adults in your community adequately protected? J Fam Pract 2008, 57(4 Suppl)):S1-11. quiz S12
• [40]Arnou R, Fiquet A, Thomas S, Sadorge C: Immunogenicity and safety of ZOSTAVAX(R) approaching expiry potency in individuals aged >/=50 years. Hum Vaccin 2011, 7(10):1060-1065.
• [41]Schmader K, Gnann JW Jr, Watson CP: The epidemiological, clinical, and pathological rationale for the herpes zoster vaccine. J Infect Dis 2008, 197(Suppl 2):S207-215.
• [42]Drolet M, Brisson M, Schmader KE, Levin MJ, Johnson R, Oxman MN, Patrick D, Blanchette C, Mansi JA: The impact of herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia on health-related quality of life: a prospective study. CMAJ 2010, 182(16):1731-1736.
• [43]Katz J, Cooper EM, Walther RR, Sweeney EW, Dworkin RH: Acute pain in herpes zoster and its impact on health-related quality of life. Clin Infect Dis 2004, 39(3):342-348.
• [44]Schaffner W, Rehm SJ, File TM Jr: Keeping our adult patients healthy and active: the role of vaccines across the lifespan. Phys Sportsmed 2010, 38(4):35-47.
• [45]van Lier A, van Hoek AJ, Opstelten W, Boot HJ, de Melker HE: Assessing the potential effects and cost-effectiveness of programmatic herpes zoster vaccination of elderly in the Netherlands. BMC Health Serv Res 2010, 10:237. BioMed Central Full Text
• [46]van Gageldonk-Lafeber Ab Fau -Bogaerts MAH, Bogaerts Ma Fau -Verheij RA, van der Verheij Ra Fau -Sande MAB, van der Sande MA: Time trends in primary-care morbidity, hospitalization and mortality due to pneumonia. Epidemiology and infection 2009, 1469-4409. Electronic
• [47]Schouls LM, de Greeff SC: What is pneumococcal infection and what is the prevalence? In Volksgezondheid Toekomst Verkenning (Dutch). Edited by Compass NPH. Bilthoven: National Institute for Public Health and Environment; 2010.
• [48]Rozenbaum MH, Hak E, van der Werf TS, Postma MJ: Results of a cohort model analysis of the cost-effectiveness of routine immunization with 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine of those aged ≥65 years in the Netherlands. Clin Ther 2010, 32(8):1517-1532.
• [49]de Greeff SC, Lugner AK, van den Heuvel DM, Mooi FR, de Melker HE: Economic analysis of pertussis illness in the Dutch population: implications for current and future vaccination strategies. Vaccine 2009, 27(13):1932-1937.
• [50]De Serres G, Shadmani R, Duval B, Boulianne N, Dery P, Douville Fradet M, Rochette L, Halperin SA: Morbidity of pertussis in adolescents and adults. J Infect Dis 2000, 182(1):174-179.
• [51]Haagsma JH, van der Zanden BP, Tariq L, van Pelt W, van Duynhoven YTPH, Havelaar AH: Disease burden and costs of selected foodborne pathogens in the Netherlands, 2006. Bilthoven: National institute for public health and environment; 2009.
• [52]Working population is ageing. [(http://www.cbs.nl/nl-NL/menu/themas/arbeid-sociale-zekerheid/publicaties/artikelen/archief/2009/2009-2909-wm.htm webcite)] Acces date: 18-04-2012
• [53]Drolet M, Levin MJ, Schmader KE, Johnson R, Oxman MN, Patrick D, Fournier SO, Mansi JA, Brisson M: Employment related productivity loss associated with herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia: a 6-month prospective study. Vaccine 2012, 30(12):2047-2050.
• [54]Bianco E, De Masi S, Mele A, Jefferson T: Effectiveness of immune globulins in preventing infectious hepatitis and hepatitis A: a systematic review. Dig Liver Dis 2004, 36(12):834-842.
• [55]Farmaceutisch Kompas: Pneumococcal vaccine. Diemen: College voor Zorgverzekeringen; 2006.
• [56]CDC: FDA approval of expanded age indication for a tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid and acellular pertussis vaccine. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2011, 60:1279-1280.
• [57]Oxman MN, Levin MJ, Johnson GR, Schmader KE, Straus SE, Gelb LD, Arbeit RD, Simberkoff MS, Gershon AA, Davis LE, et al.: A vaccine to prevent herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia in older adults. N Engl J Med 2005, 352(22):2271-2284.
• [58]Schmader Ke Fau -Johnson GR, Johnson Gr Fau-Saddier P, Saddier P Fau-Ciarleglio M, Ciarleglio M Fau-Wang WWB, Wang Ww Fau-Zhang JH, Zhang Jh Fau-Chan ISF, Chan Is Fau-Yeh S-S, Yeh Ss Fau -Levin MJ, Levin Mj Fau -Harbecke RM, Harbecke Rm Fau -Oxman MN, et al.: Effect of a zoster vaccine on herpes zoster-related interference with functional status and health-related quality-of-life measures in older adults. Journal of American Geriatrics Society 2010, 1532-5415. Electronic
• [59]Oxman MN: Zoster vaccine: current status and future prospects. Clin Infect Dis 2010, 51(2):197-213.
• [60]Hak E, Grobbee DE, Sanders EA, Verheij TJ, Bolkenbaas M, Huijts SM, Gruber WC, Tansey S, McDonough A, Thoma B, et al.: Rationale and design of CAPITA: a RCT of 13-valent conjugated pneumococcal vaccine efficacy among older adults. Neth J Med 2008, 66(9):378-383.
• [61]Moberley S, Holden J, Tatham David P, Andrews Ross M: Vaccines for preventing pneumococcal infection in adults. In Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2008.
• [62]Zimmerman RK: If pneumonia is the “old man’s friend”, should it be prevented by vaccination? An ethical analysis. Vaccine 2005, 23(29):3843-3849.
• [63]Ward JI, Cherry JD, Chang SJ, Partridge S, Keitel W, Edwards K, Lee M, Treanor J, Greenberg DP, Barenkamp S, et al.: Bordetella Pertussis infections in vaccinated and unvaccinated adolescents and adults, as assessed in a national prospective randomized Acellular Pertussis Vaccine Trial (APERT). Clin Infect Dis 2006, 43(2):151-157.
• [64]Ward JI, Cherry JD, Chang SJ, Partridge S, Lee H, Treanor J, Greenberg DP, Keitel W, Barenkamp S, Bernstein DI, et al.: Efficacy of an acellular pertussis vaccine among adolescents and adults. N Engl J Med 2005, 353(15):1555-1563.
• [65]Van Damme P, McIntyre P, Grimprel E, Kuriyakose S, Jacquet JM, Hardt K, Messier M, Van Der Meeren O: Immunogenicity of the reduced-antigen-content dTpa vaccine (Boostrix((R))) in adults 55 years of age and over: A sub-analysis of four trials. Vaccine 2011, 29(35):5932-5939.
• [66]Wendelboe AM, Van Rie A, Salmaso S, Englund JA: Duration of immunity against pertussis after natural infection or vaccination. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2005, 24(5 Suppl):S58-61.
• [67]D’Acremont V, Herzog C, Genton B: Immunogenicity and safety of a virosomal hepatitis A vaccine (Epaxal) in the elderly. J Travel Med 2006, 13(2):78-83.
• [68]Nothdurft HD: Hepatitis A vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2008, 7(5):535-545.
• [69]Sanford M, Keating GM: Zoster vaccine (Zostavax): a review of its use in preventing herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia in older adults. Drugs Aging 2010, 27(2):159-176.
• [70]Schwarz TF, Flamaing J, Rumke HC, Penzes J, Juergens C, Wenz A, Jayawardene D, Giardina P, Emini EA, Gruber WC, et al.: A randomized, double-blind trial to evaluate immunogenicity and safety of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine given concomitantly with trivalent influenza vaccine in adults aged >/=65 years. Vaccine 2011, 29(32):5195-5202.
• [71]Weston WM, Chandrashekar V, Friedland LR, Howe B: Safety and immunogenicity of a tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid, and acellular pertussis vaccine when co-administered with influenza vaccine in adults. Hum Vaccin 2009, 5(12):858-866.
• [72]Andre F, Van Damme P, Safary A, Banatvala J: Inactivated hepatitis A vaccine: immunogenicity, efficacy, safety and review of official recommendations for use. Expert Rev Vaccines 2002, 1(1):9-23.
• [73]Pham H, Geraci SA, Burton MJ: Adult immunizations: update on recommendations. Am J Med 2011, 124(8):698-701.
• [74]Medicijnkosten. [http://www.medicijnkosten.nl webcite] Acces date: 12-04-2012
• [75]Millier A, Aballea S, Annemans L, Toumi M, Quilici S: A critical literature review of health economic evaluations in pertussis booster vaccination. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res 2012, 12(1):71-94.
• [76]Lee GM, Murphy TV, Lett S, Cortese MM, Kretsinger K, Schauer S, Lieu TA: Cost effectiveness of pertussis vaccination in adults. Am J Prev Med 2007, 32(3):186-193.
• [77]Lang PO, Govind S, Michel JP, Aspinall R, Mitchell WA: Immunosenescence: Implications for vaccination programmes in adults. Maturitas 2011, 68(4):322-330.
• [78]National Health Council the Netherlands: Influenza vaccination: revision of the indication. The Hague: National Health Council the Netherlands; 2007.
• [79]Civen R, Chaves SS, Jumaan A, Wu H, Mascola L, Gargiullo P, Seward JF: The incidence and clinical characteristics of herpes zoster among children and adolescents after implementation of varicella vaccination. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2009, 28(11):954-959.
• [80]Lu PJ, Euler GL, Jumaan AO, Harpaz R: Herpes zoster vaccination among adults aged 60 years or older in the United States, 2007: uptake of the first new vaccine to target seniors. Vaccine 2009, 27(6):882-887.