The effectiveness of critical time intervention for abused women and homeless people leaving Dutch shelters: study protocol of two randomised controlled trials

BMC Public Health

Judith RLM Wolf²  Albert M van Hemert¹  Daniel B Herman³  Mariëlle D Beijersbergen²  Renée de Vet²  Danielle AM Lako² 

[1] Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Centre, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden, The Netherlands;Department of Primary and Community Care, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein 21, Nijmegen, The Netherlands;Silberman School of Social Work, Hunter College, 2180 Third Avenue, New York, NY, USA

关键词: Shelters;    Homelessness;    Intimate partner violence;    RCT;    Critical time intervention;   

Others  :  1162127
DOI  :  10.1186/1471-2458-13-555

 received in 2013-04-27, accepted in 2013-06-03,  发布年份 2013

【 摘 要 】

Background

One of the main priorities of Dutch organisations providing shelter services is to develop evidence-based interventions in the care for abused women and homeless people. To date, most of these organisations have not used specific intervention models and the interventions which have been implemented rarely have an empirical and theoretical foundation. The present studies aim to examine the effectiveness of critical time intervention (CTI) for abused women and homeless people.

Methods

In two multi-centre randomised controlled trials we investigate whether CTI, a time-limited (nine month) outreach intervention, is more effective than care-as-usual for abused women and homeless people making the transition from shelter facilities to supported or independent housing. Participants were recruited in 19 women’s shelter facilities and 22 homeless shelter facilities across The Netherlands and randomly allocated to the intervention group (CTI) or the control group (care-as-usual). They were interviewed four times in nine months: once before leaving the shelter, and then at three, six and nine months after leaving the shelter. Quality of life (primary outcome for abused women) and recurrent loss of housing (primary outcome for homeless people) as well as secondary outcomes (e.g. care needs, self-esteem, loneliness, social support, substance use, psychological distress and service use) were assessed during the interviews. In addition, the model integrity of CTI was investigated during the data collection period.

Discussion

Based on international research CTI is expected to be an appropriate intervention for clients making the transition from institutional to community living. If CTI proves to be effective for abused women and homeless people, shelter services could include this case management model in their professional standards and improve the (quality of) services for clients.

Trial registration

NTR3463 and NTR3425

【 授权许可】

   
2013 Lako et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

【 图 表 】

Figure 1.

【 参考文献 】

• [1]Culhane DP, Metraux S, Park JM, Schretzman M, Valente J: Testing a typology of family homelessness based on patterns of public shelter utilization in four US jurisdictions: implications for policy and program planning. Housing Policy Debate 2007, 18(1):1-28.
• [2]Fleury RE, Sullivan CM, Bybee DI: When ending the relationship does not end the violence: women’s experiences of violence by former partners. Violence Against Women 2000, 6(12):1363-1383.
• [3]Wolf JRLM, Jonker IE, Nicholas S, Putriss E: Vervolg op de vrouwenopvang. De situatie van vrouwen een jaar na dato [Follow-up on refuge facilities for women: A study on the situation of women a year after]. Amsterdam: BV Uitgeverij SWP; 2007.
• [4]Herman DB, Mandiberg JM: Critical time intervention: model description and implications for the significance of timing in social work interventions. Res Soc Work Pract 2010, 20(5):502-508.
• [5]Ministerie van Financiën: De opvang verstopt. Rapportage in het kader van het Interdepartementaal Beleidsonderzoek Maatschappelijke Opvang. The Hague: Ministerie van Financiën; 2003.
• [6]Ramsay J, Carter Y, Davidson L, Dunne D, Eldridge S, Feder G, Hegarty K, Rivas C, Taft A, Warburton A: Advocacy interventions to reduce or eliminate violence and promote the physical and psychosocial well-being of women who experience intimate partner abuse (Review). Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009, (3):Art. No.: CD005043.
• [7]European Consensus Conference on Homelessness: Policy Recommendations of the Jury. http://www.feantsa.org/files/freshstart/Consensus_Conference/Outcomes/2011_02_16_FINAL_Consensus_Conference_Jury_Recommendations_EN.pdf webcite
• [8]Wet maatschappelijke ondersteuning (Wmo). http://www.rijksoverheid.nl/onderwerpen/wet-maatschappelijke-ondersteuning-wmo webcite
• [9]Toro PA: Toward an international understanding of homelessness. J Soc Issues 2007, 63(3):461-481.
• [10]Susser E, Valencia E, Conover S, Felix A, Tsai WY, Wyatt RJ: Preventing recurrent homelessness among mentally ill men: a “critical time” intervention after discharge from a shelter. Am J Public Health 1997, 87(2):256-262.
• [11]Dixon L, Goldberg R, Iannone V, Lucksted A, Brown C, Kreyenbuhl J, Fang L, Potts W: Use of a critical time intervention to promote continuity of care after psychiatric inpatient hospitalization. Psychiatr Serv 2009, 60(4):451-458.
• [12]Manuel JI, Hinterland K, Conover S, Herman DB: “I hope I can make it out there”: perceptions of women with severe mental illness on the transition from hospital to community. Community Ment Health J 2012, 48(3):302-308.
• [13]Jarrett M, Thornicroft G, Forrester A, Harty M, Senior J, King C, Huckle S, Parrott J, Dunn G, Shaw J: Continuity of care for recently released prisoners with mental illness: a pilot randomised controlled trial testing the feasibility of a critical time intervention. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci 2012, 21(02):187-193.
• [14]Draine J, Herman DB: Critical time intervention for reentry from prison for persons with mental illness. Psychiatr Serv 2007, 58(12):1577-1581.
• [15]Herman D, Opler L, Felix A, Valencia E, Wyatt RJ, Susser E: A critical time intervention with mentally ill homeless men: impact on psychiatric symptoms. J Nerv Ment Dis 2000, 188(3):135-140.
• [16]Tomita A, Herman DB: The impact of critical time intervention in reducing psychiatric rehospitalization after hospital discharge. Psychiatr Serv 2012, 63(9):935-937.
• [17]Jones K, Colson PW, Holter MC, Lin S, Valencia E, Susser E, Wyatt RJ: Cost-effectiveness of critical time intervention to reduce homelessness among persons with mental illness. Psychiatr Serv 2003, 54(6):884-890.
• [18]Family Critical Time Intervention for Successful Transitions to Stable Housing. http://www.slideshare.net/naehomelessness/513-critical-time-intervention-in-action-serving-homeless-families webcite
• [19]Garcia-Moreno C, Jansen HAFM, Ellsberg M, Heise L, Watts CH: Prevalence of intimate partner violence: findings from the WHO multi-country study on women’s health and domestic violence. Lancet 2006, 368(9543):1260-1269.
• [20]Stark E, Flitcraft A, Frazier W: Medicine and patriarchal violence: the social construction of a “private” event. Int J Health Serv 1979, 9(3):461-493.
• [21]Coker AL, Smith PH, McKeown RE, King MJ: Frequency and correlates of intimate partner violence by type: physical, sexual, and psychological battering. Am J Public Health 2000, 90(4):553-559.
• [22]Drossman DA, Talley NJ, Leserman J, Olden KW, Barreiro MA: Sexual and physical abuse and gastrointestinal illness: review and recommendations. Ann Intern Med 1995, 123(10):782-794.
• [23]Letourneau EJ, Holmes M, Chasedunn-Roark J: Gynecologic health consequences to victims of interpersonal violence. Womens Health Issues 1999, 9(2):115-120.
• [24]Sutherland CA, Bybee DI, Sullivan CM: Beyond bruises and broken bones: the joint effects of stress and injuries on battered women’s health. Am J Community Psychol 2002, 30(5):609-636.
• [25]Saunders DG: Posttraumatic stress symptom profiles of battered women: a comparison of survivors in two settings. Violence Vict 1994, 9(1):31-44.
• [26]Golding JM: Intimate partner violence as a risk factor for mental disorders: a meta-analysis. J Fam Violence 1999, 14(2):99-132.
• [27]Wolf JRLM, Jonker IE, Meertens V, Te Pas S: Maat en baat van de vrouwenopvang. Onderzoek naar vraag en aanbod [Refuge facilities for women: Availability and effectiveness: A study of supply and demand]. Amsterdam: BV Uitgeverij SWP; 2006.
• [28]Global Data Count 2011. https://endvaw.ca/sites/default/files/2011_globaldatacount.pdf webcite
• [29]Jones L, Hughes M, Unterstaller U: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in victims of domestic violence. Trauma Violence Abuse 2001, 2(2):99-119.
• [30]Gordon JS: Community services for abused women: a review of perceived usefulness and efficacy. Journal of Family Violence 1996, 11(4):315-329.
• [31]Constantino R, Kim Y, Crane PA: Effects of a social support intervention on health outcomes in residents of a domestic violence shelter: a pilot study. Issues Ment Health Nurs 2005, 26(6):575-590.
• [32]Johnson DM, Zlotnick C, Perez S: Cognitive behavioral treatment of PTSD in residents of battered women’s shelters: results of a randomized clinical trial. J Consult Clin Psychol 2011, 79(4):542-551.
• [33]Allen NE, Bybee DI, Sullivan CM: Battered women’s multitude of needs - evidence supporting the need for comprehensive advocacy. Violence Against Women 2004, 10(9):1015-1035.
• [34]Sullivan CM, Bybee DI, Allen NE: Findings from a community-based program for battered women and their children. J Interpers Violence 2002, 17(9):915-936.
• [35]Ham-Rowbottom KA, Gordon EE, Jarvis KL, Novaco RW: Life constraints and psychological well-being of domestic violence shelter graduates. J Fam Violence 2005, 20(2):109-121.
• [36]Bybee DI, Sullivan CM: The process through which an advocacy intervention resulted in positive change for battered women over time. Am J Community Psychol 2002, 30(1):103-132.
• [37]Wathen CN, MacMillan HL: Interventions for violence against women: scientific review. JAMA 2003, 289(5):589-600.
• [38]Tan C, Basta J, Sullivan CM, Davidson WS: The role of social support in the lives of women exiting domestic violence shelters - an experimental-study. J Interpers Violence 1995, 10(4):437-451.
• [39]Sullivan C, Bybee D: Reducing violence using community based advocacy for women with abusive partners. J Consult Clin Psychol 1999, 67(1):43-53.
• [40]Sullivan CM, Tan C, Basta J, Rumptz M, Davidson WS: An advocacy intervention program for women with abusive partners - initial evaluation. Am J Community Psychol 1992, 20(3):309-332.
• [41]Jouriles EN, McDonald R, Spiller L, Norwood WD, Swank PR, Stephens N, Ware H, Buzy WM: Reducing conduct problems among children of battered women. J Consult Clin Psychol 2001, 69(5):774-785.
• [42]Jouriles EN, McDonald R, Rosenfield D, Stephens N, Corbitt-Shindler D, Miller PC: Reducing conduct problems among children exposed to intimate partner violence: a randomized clinical trial examining effects of project support. J Consult Clin Psychol 2009, 77(4):705-717.
• [43]Philippot P, Lecocq C, Sempoux F, Nachtergael H, Galand B: Psychological research on homelessness in western europe: a review from 1970 to 2001. J Soc Issues 2007, 63(3):483-503.
• [44]Shlay AB, Rossi PH: Social science research and contemporary studies of homelessness. Annu Rev Sociol 1992, 18:129-160.
• [45]Hwang SW: Homelessness and health. CMAJ 2001, 164(2):229-233.
• [46]Fazel S, Khosla V, Doll H, Geddes J: The prevalence of mental disorders among the homeless in western countries: systematic review and meta-regression analysis. PLoS Med 2008, 5(12):e225.
• [47]Culhane DP, Metraux S: Rearranging the deck chairs or reallocating the lifeboats? Homelessness assistance and its alternatives. J Am Plann Assoc 2008, 74(1):111-121.
• [48]Mojtabai R: Perceived reasons for loss of housing and continued homelessness among homeless persons with mental illness. Psychiatr Serv 2005, 56(2):172-178.
• [49]Kuhn R, Culhane DP: Applying cluster analysis to test a typology of homelessness by pattern of shelter utilization: results from the analysis of administrative data. Am J Community Psychol 1998, 26(2):207-232.
• [50]Opening Doors: Federal strategic plan to prevent and end homelessness. http://www.usich.gov/resources/uploads/asset_library/Opening%20Doors%202010%20FINAL%20FSP%20Prevent%20End%20Homeless.pdf webcite
• [51]Stein LI, Test MA: Alternative to mental hospital treatment. I. Conceptual model, treatment program, and clinical evaluation. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1980, 37(4):392-397.
• [52]Rapp CA, Goscha RJ: The strengths model: Case management with people with psychiatric disabilities. 2nd edition. New York: Oxford University Press; 2006.
• [53]The Mckinney-Vento Homeless Assistance Act As amended by S. 896 The Homeless Emergency Assistance and Rapid Transition to Housing (HEARTH) Act of 2009. https://www.onecpd.info/resources/documents/HomelessAssistanceActAmendedbyHEARTH.pdf webcite
• [54]Wright JD, Allen TL, Devine JA: Tracking nontraditional populations in longitudinal-studies. Eval Program Plann 1995, 18(3):267-277.
• [55]New Hampshire Dartmouth Psychiatric Research Center: Residential Follow-Back Calendar. Lebanon: Dartmouth Medical School; 1995.
• [56]Tsemberis S, McHugo G, Williams V, Hanrahan P, Srefancic A: Measuring homelessness and residential stability: the residential time-line follow-back inventory. J Community Psychol 2007, 35(1):29-42.
• [57]Lehman AF: The well-being of chronic mental patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1983, 40(4):369-373.
• [58]Lehman AF, Kernan E, Postrado L: Toolkit on evaluating quality of life for persons with severe mental illness. Baltimore: Human Services Research Institute; 1995.
• [59]Wolf JRLM: Kwaliteit van leven interview. Nederlandse vertaling van het Quality of Life Instrument (brief version) van A. Lehman (1995). Nijmegen: UMC St Radboud; 2002.
• [60]Wolf JRLM, Zwikker M, Nicholas S, van Bakel H, Reinking D, van Leiden I: Op achterstand. Een onderzoek naar mensen in de marge van Den Haag. Utrecht: Trimbos-Instituut; 2002.
• [61]Lehman AF, Dixon LB, Kernan E, DeForge BR, Postrado LT: A randomized trial of assertive community treatment for homeless persons with severe mental illness. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1997, 54(11):1038-1043.
• [62]Sullivan G, Burnam A, Koegel P, Hollenberg J: Quality of life of homeless persons with mental illness: results from the course-of-homelessness study. Psychiatr Serv 2000, 51(9):1135-1141.
• [63]Wennink J, Van Wijngaarden B: Quality of life and care (QoLC). Kwaliteit van leven en vervulling van zorgwensen. [Quality of life and care (QoLC). Quality of life and fulfilling of care needs]. Utrecht: Trimbos-Instituut; 2004.
• [64]Rosenberg M: Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton: Princeton University Press; 1965.
• [65]Van der Linden FJ, Dijkman TA, Roeders PJB: Metingen van kenmerken van het persoonssysteem en sociale systeem (Measures of features of the personal and social system). Nijmegen: Hoogveld instituut; 1983.
• [66]Kim S, Kim J: The effects of group intervention for battered women in Korea. Arch Psychiatr Nurs 2001, 15(6):257-264.
• [67]Woods Cox J, Stoltenberg CD: Evaluation of a treatment program for battered wives. J Fam Violence 1991, 6(4):395-413.
• [68]Calsyn RJ, Morse GA, Klinkenberg WD, Trusty ML: Reliability and validity of self-report data of homeless mentally ill individuals. Eval Program Plann 1997, 20(1):47-54.
• [69]de Jong Gierveld J, Kamphuls F: The development of a rasch-type loneliness scale. Appl Psychol Meas 1985, 9(3):289-299.
• [70]de Jong Gierveld J, van Tilburg TG: Manual of the loneliness scale. Amsterdam: VU University Amsterdam, Department of Social Research Methodology; 1999.
• [71]Burnam MA, Koegel P: The course of homelessness among the seriously mentally Ill. An NIMH-funded proposal. Rockville: National Institutes of Health; 1989.
• [72]Sherbourne CD, Stewart AL: The MOS social support survey. Soc Sci Med 1991, 32(6):705-714.
• [73]O’Toole TP, Gibbon JL: Utilization of health care services among subgroups of urban homeless and housed poor. J Health Polit Policy Law 1999, 24(1):91.
• [74]Nyamathi A, Leake B, Keenan C, Gelberg L: Type of social support among homeless women: its impact on psychosocial resources, health and health behaviors, and use of health services. Nurs Res 2000, 49(6):318-326.
• [75]McLellan AT, Kushner H, Metzger D, Peters R, Smith I, Grissom G, Pettinati H, Argeriou M: The fifth edition of the addiction severity index. J Subst Abuse Treat 1992, 9(3):199-213.
• [76]De Nederlandse vertaling van de Europese versie van de Addiction Severity Index, 5e editie [Dutch Translation of the European Version of the Addiction Severity Index, ed 5]. http://www.tijdschriftvoorpsychiatrie.nl/assets/measuringinstruments/meetinstrumenten_54pdf.pdf webcite
• [77]Rosenheck RA, Resnick SG, Morrissey JP: Closing service system gaps for homeless clients with a dual diagnosis: integrated teams and interagency cooperation. J Ment Health Policy Econ 2003, 6(2):77-87.
• [78]Kasprow WJ, Rosenheck RA: Outcomes of critical time intervention case management of homeless veterans after psychiatric hospitalization. Psychiatr Serv 2007, 58(7):929-935.
• [79]Kokkevi A, Hartgers C: EuropASI: european adaptation of a multidimensional assessment instrument for drug and alcohol dependence. Eur Addict Res 1995, 1(4):208-210.
• [80]Derogatis LR: The Brief Symptom Inventory. Baltimore: Clinical Psychometric Research; 1975.
• [81]De Beurs E, Zitman FG: De Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI): De betrouwbaarheid en validiteit van een handzaam alternatief voor de SCL-90 [The Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI): the reliability and validity of a practical alternative to the SCL 90]. Maandblad Geestelijke Volksgezondheid 2006, 61:120-141.
• [82]Ball SA, Cobb-Richardson P, Connolly AJ, Bujosa CT, O’Neall TW: Substance abuse and personality disorders in homeless drop-in center clients: symptom severity and psychotherapy retention in a randomized clinical trial. Compr Psychiatry 2005, 46(5):371-379.
• [83]Johnson DM, Zlotnick C, Perez S: The relative contribution of abuse severity and PTSD severity on the psychiatric and social morbidity of battered women in shelters. Behav Ther 2008, 39(3):232-241.
• [84]Horvath AO, Greenburg LS: The development of the working alliance inventory. In The psychotherapeutic process: A resource handbook. 1st edition. Edited by Greenberg LS, Pinsof WM. New York: Guilford Press; 1986:529-556.
• [85]Tracey TJ, Kokotovic AM: Factor Structure of the Working Alliance Inventory. Psychological Assessment: A Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1989, 1(3):207-210.
• [86]Vervaeke GAC, Vertommen H: Kort Instrumenteel, de Werkalliantievragenlijst. Gedragstherapie 1996, 29(2):139-144.
• [87]Bale R, Catty J, Watt H, Greenwood N, Burns T: Measures of the therapeutic relationship in severe psychotic illness: a comparison of two scales. Int J Soc Psychiatry 2006, 52(3):256-266.
• [88]Horvath AO, Greenberg LS: Development and validation of the working alliance inventory. J Couns Psychol 1989, 36(2):223-233.
• [89]Beijersbergen MD, Wolf JRLM: De CQ-index voor de maatschappelijke opvang, vrouwenopvang en zwerfjongerenopvang: Ontwikkeling van een meetinstrument voor cliëntervaringen met de opvang. Nijmegen: UMC St Radboud; 2010.
• [90]Radloff LS: The CES-D scale: a self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Appl Psychol Meas 1977, 1(3):385-401.
• [91]Hanewald GJFP: CES-D, de Nederlandse versie: Een onderzoek naar de betrouwbaarheid en de validiteit [CES-D, the Dutch version: A study of the reliability and validity]. Amsterdam: University of Amsterdam, Department of Clinical Psychology; 1987.
• [92]Zlotnick C, Johnson DM, Kohn R: Intimate partner violence and long-term psychosocial functioning in a national sample of american women. J Interpers Violence 2006, 21(2):262-275.
• [93]Swan SC, Snow DL: Behavioral and psychological differences among abused women who use violence in intimate relationships. Violence Against Women 2003, 9(1):75-109.
• [94]Horowitz M, Wilner N, Alvarez W: Impact of event scale: a measure of subjective stress. Psychosom Med 1979, 41(3):209-218.
• [95]Brom D, Kleber RJ: De Schok Verwerkings Lijst. Nederlands Tijdschrift voor de Psychologie 1985, 40:164-168.
• [96]Woods SJ: Prevalence and patterns of posttraumatic stress disorder in abused and postabused women. Issues Ment Health Nurs 2000, 21(3):309-324.
• [97]Van der Ploeg E, Mooren TT, Kleber RJ, Van der Velden PG, Brom D: Construct validation of the Dutch version of the impact of event scale. Psychol Assess 2004, 16(1):16-26.
• [98]Vermulst AA, Kroes G, De Meyer RE, Nguyen L, Veerman JW: Opvoedingsbelastingvragenlijst (OBVL). Handleiding. Nijmegen: Praktikon; 2012.
• [99]Rensen P, Van Arum S, Engbersen R: Wat werkt? Een onderzoek naar de effectiviteit en de praktische bruikbaarheid van methoden in de vrouwenopvang, maatschappelijke opvang en opvang voor zwerfjongeren. Utrecht: Movisie; 2008.
• [100]Coen AS, Patrick DC, Shern DL: Minimizing attrition in longitudinal studies of special populations: an integrated management approach. Eval Program Plann 1996, 19(4):309-319.
• [101]Conover S, Berkman A, Gheith A, Jahiel R, Stanley D, Geller PA, Valencia E, Susser E: Methods for successful follow-up of elusive urban populations: an ethnographic approach with homeless men. Bull N Y Acad Med 1997, 74(1):90-108.
• [102]Humphreys K, Weisner C: Use of exclusion criteria in selecting research subjects and its effect on the generalizability of alcohol treatment outcome studies. Am J Psychiatry 2000, 157(4):588-594.
• [103]Van Spall HG, Toren A, Kiss A, Fowler RA: Eligibility criteria of randomized controlled trials published in high-impact general medical journals: a systematic sampling review. JAMA 2007, 297(11):1233-1240.