A recently introduced Dichelobacter nodosus strain caused an outbreak of footrot in Norway

Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica

Marianne Gilhuus²  Bjørg Kvitle²  Trine M L’Abée-Lund¹  Synnøve Vatn³  Hannah J Jørgensen² 

[1] Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Campus Adamstuen, P.O. Box 8146 Dep, N-0033 Oslo, Norway

[2] Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 750, Sentrum N-0106, Oslo, Norway

[3] Animalia – Norwegian Meat and Poultry Research Center, P.O. Box 396, Økern N-0513, Oslo, Norway

关键词: Sheep;    Serogroup converison;    PFGE;    Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis;    Goat;    Genotyping;    Cow;   

Others  :  789203
DOI  :  10.1186/1751-0147-56-29

 received in 2014-03-13, accepted in 2014-04-29,  发布年份 2014

【 摘 要 】

Background

In 2008, an outbreak of ovine footrot occurred in Norway. Dichelobacter nodosus isolates collected between 2008 and 2011 have been characterised. Isolates defined as virulent by the gelatin gel test (GG-test) were only found in sheep in Rogaland County, where the severe cases of footrot were registered. The majority (96%) of the virulent isolates belonged to serogroup A. It is suspected that they represent a newly introduced strain, and the aim of the present study was to investigate whether they are genetically similar. Sixty-one virulent isolates from sheep and 116 benign isolates from sheep, cattle and goats were included. Four GG-test virulent isolates from Danish sheep were also included. All isolates were genotyped by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and by PCR for pgr variant determination.

Results

The Norwegian virulent isolates were assigned to 8 pulsotypes (PTs), while the benign isolates were assigned to 66 PTs. Thirty-seven (68.5%) of the 54, virulent, serogroup A isolates belonged to the same PT, and included isolates from 2008 through 2011. Isolates belonging to this PT were defined as the outbreak strain. The remaining virulent serogroup A isolates belonged to 4 PTs differing by ≤3 bands from the outbreak strain. Two virulent, Danish, serogroup A isolates differed by 2 bands from the Norwegian outbreak strain. All but 3 (95%) of the virulent isolates had the pgrA variant while 85% of the benign isolates had the pgrB variant.

Conclusion

This study provides evidence that the footrot outbreak in Norway in 2008 most likely was caused by new introduction and local spread of one virulent D. nodosus strain.

【 授权许可】

   
2014 Gilhuus et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

【 图 表 】

Figure 1.

Figure 2.

Figure 3.

【 参考文献 】

• [1]Meling S, Ulvund MJ: Flock health visits in 17 sheep flocks in Rogaland. In Proceedings of the 7th International Sheep Veterinary Congress: 2009; Stavanger, Norway Edited by Stuen S, Ulvund MJ. 148-149.
• [2]Beveridge WIB: Foot-rot in sheep: A transmissible disease due to infection with Fusiformis nodosus (n.sp.). Studies on its cause, epidemiology, and control. Melbourne: Council for Scientific and Industrial Research; 1941. [Bulletin No. 140]
• [3]Stewart DJ: Footrot in sheep. In Footrot and foot abscess of ruminants. Edited by Egerton JR, Yong WK, Riffkin GG. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 1989:5-45.
• [4]Gilhuus M, Vatn S, Dhungyel OP, Tesfamichael B, L'Abée-Lund TM, Jørgensen HJ: Characterisation of Dichelobacter nodosus isolates from Norway. Vet Microbiol 2013, 163:142-148.
• [5]Palmer MA: A gelatin test to detect activity and stability of proteases produced by Dichelobacter (Bacteroides) nodosus. Vet Microbiol 1993, 36:113-122.
• [6]Vatn S, Hektoen L, Høyland B, Reiersen A, Kampen AH, Jørgensen HJ: Elimination of severe footrot from the Norwegian sheep population - a progress report. Small Ruminant Res 2012, 106:11-13.
• [7]Vatn S, Hektoen L, Fredriksen B, Høyland B, Reiersen A, Jørgensen HJ: Elimination of footrot in Norway: observed clinical signs in sheep flocks infected with Dichelobacter nodosus. In The 8th International Sheep Veterinary Congress: 2013; Rotorua, NZ. : New Zealand Veterinary Association; 149.
• [8]Vatn S, Hektoen L, Høyland B, Kampen AH, Skarra TK: Surveillance, control and eradication of footrot in Norway. In Proceedings of the 7th International Sheep Veterinary Congress: 2009; Stavanger, Norway Edited by Stuen S, Ulvund MJ. 120-121.
• [9]Statistics Norway [https://www.ssb.no/statistikkbanken/SelectVarVal/Define.asp?MainTable=UhArVareLand&KortNavnWeb=muh&PLanguage=0&checked=true webcite]
• [10]Buller NB, Ashley P, Palmer M, Pitman D, Richards RB, Hampson DJ: Understanding the molecular epidemiology of the footrot pathogen, Dichelobacter nodosus, to support control and eradication programs. J Clin Microbiol 2010, 48:877-882.
• [11]Ghimire SC, Egerton JR: PCR-RFLP of outer membrane proteins gene of Dichelobacter nodosus: a new tool in the epidemiology of footrot. Epidemiol Infect 1999, 122:521-528.
• [12]Russell CL, Smith EM, Calvo-Bado LA, Green LE, Wellington EMH, Medley GF, Moore LJ, Grogono-Thomas R: Multiple locus VNTR analysis highlights that geographical clustering and distribution of Dichelobacter nodosus, the causal agent of footrot in sheep, correlates with inter-country movements. Infect Genet Evol 2014, 22:273-279.
• [13]Zakaria Z, Radu S, Sheikh-Omar AR, Mutalib AR, Joseph PG, Rusul G: Molecular analysis of Dichelobacter nodosus isolated from footrot in sheep in Malaysia. Vet Microbiol 1998, 62:243-250.
• [14]Calvo-Bado LA, Green LE, Medley GF, Ul-Hassan A, Grogono-Thomas R, Buller N, Kaler J, Russell CL, Kennan RM, Rood JI, Wellington EMH: Detection and diversity of a putative novel heterogeneous polymorphic proline-glycine repeat (Pgr) protein in the footrot pathogen Dichelobacter nodosus. Vet Microbiol 2010, 147:358-366.
• [15]Knappe-Poindecker M, Gilhuus M, Jensen TK, Klitgaard K, Larssen RB, Fjeldaas T: Interdigital dermatitis, heel horn erosion, and digital dermatitis in 14 Norwegian dairy herds. J Dairy Sci 2013, 96:7617-7629.
• [16]Knappe-Poindecker M, Gilhuus M, Jensen TK, Vatn S, Jørgensen HJ, Fjeldaas T: Cross-infection of virulent Dichelobacter nodosus between sheep and co-grazing cattle. Vet Microbiol 2014, 170:375-382.
• [17]Angen Ø, Akkad NB, Worm R, Nymand A, Frosth S, Aspán A, Slettemeås JS, Jørgensen H, Klaas IC: Detektion af Dichelobacter nodosus og sanering for ondartet klovsyge i tre danske fårebesætninger. Dansk Vet Tidsskr 2011, 8:28-34.
• [18]Altman DG: Practical statistics for medical research. London: Chapman and Hall; 1991.
• [19]Tenover FC, Arbeit RD, Goering RV, Mickelsen PA, Murray BE, Persing DH, Swaminathan B: Interpreting chromosomal DNA restriction patterns produced by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis: criteria for bacterial strain typing. J Clin Microbiol 1995, 33:2233-2239.
• [20]Kennan RM, Dhungyel OP, Whittington RJ, Egerton JR, Rood JI: Transformation-mediated serogroup conversion of Dichelobacter nodosus. Vet Microbiol 2003, 92:169-178.
• [21]Øverås J: Smittsom klauvsjuke hos sau. Et tilbakeblikk på import og utbrudd i Norge. Småfenytt 1994, 14:29-33.
• [22]Laing EA, Egerton JR: The occurrence, prevalence and transmission of Bacteroides nodosus infection in cattle. Res Vet Sci 1978, 24:300-304.
• [23]Wilkinson FC, Egerton JR, Dickson J: Transmission of Fusiformis nodosus infection from cattle to sheep. Aust Vet J 1970, 46:382-384.
• [24]Myers GS, Parker D, Al-Hasani K, Kennan RM, Seemann T, Ren Q, Badger JH, Selengut JD, Deboy RT, Tettelin H, Boyce JD, McCarl VP, Han X, Nelson WC, Madupu R, Mohamoud Y, Holley T, Fedorova N, Khouri H, Bottomley SP, Whittington RJ, Adler B, Songer JG, Rood JI, Paulsen IT: Genome sequence and identification of candidate vaccine antigens from the animal pathogen Dichelobacter nodosus. Nat Biotechnol 2007, 25:569-575.