A clinical comparison of schizophrenia with and without pre-onset cannabis use disorder: a retrospective cohort study using categorical and dimensional approaches

Annals of General Psychiatry

Samuel Sarrazin²  Florence Louppe³  Raphael Doukhan³  Franck Schürhoff¹ 

[1] FondaMental Fondation, Fondation de coopération scientifique, Créteil, 94000, France

[2] INSERM U955, Equipe 15, IMRB, Créteil, 94000, France

[3] AP-HP, DHU PePSY, Hôpitaux universitaires Henri-Mondor, Pôle de Psychiatrie et d’Addictologie, Créteil, 94000, France

关键词: OCCPI;    Symptom dimension;    Cannabis;    Psychosis;    Schizophrenia;   

Others  :  1235041
DOI  :  10.1186/s12991-015-0083-x

 received in 2015-03-18, accepted in 2015-11-24,  发布年份 2015

【 摘 要 】

Background

A high prevalence of cannabis use disorder has been reported in subjects suffering from schizophrenia, fuelling intense debate about whether schizophrenia with pre-onset cannabis use disorder may be a distinct entity with specific features or whether cannabis use disorder can precipitate schizophrenia in genetically vulnerable subjects.

Methods

We retrospectively assessed schizophrenia subjects with and without pre-onset cannabis use disorder on the basis of their clinical features, assessed categorically and dimensionally with the operational criteria checklist for psychotic illnesses (OCCPI). We also investigated whether the two groups could be differentiated on the basis of a history of psychiatric disorders in first-degree relatives. A principal component factor analysis of the OCCPI items was used to identify specific symptom dimensions. The relationships between symptom dimensions and cannabis status were analysed by point-biserial correlation analysis to control for sex and age at time of the assessment and illness duration.

Results

One hundred and seventy-one subjects with a diagnosis of schizophrenia were included. Among them, forty-one patients (18.2 % of the sample) had a cannabis use disorder before or at the time of the onset of schizophrenia. We found similar results in symptoms patterns or family history between patients with and without pre-onset cannabis use disorder.

Conclusions

Our results clearly argue against cannabis-associated schizophrenia being a relevant distinct clinical entity of schizophrenia with specific features.

【 授权许可】

   
2015 Sarrazin et al.

【 图 表 】

Fig.1.

【 参考文献 】

• [1]Degenhardt L, Ferrari AJ, Calabria B, Hall WD, Norman RE, McGrath J, Flaxman AD, Engell RE, Freedman GD, Whiteford HA, Vos T: The global epidemiology and contribution of cannabis use and dependence to the global burden of disease: results from the GBD 2010 study. PLoS One 2013, 8:e76635.
• [2]Cantor-Graae E, Nordström LG, McNeil TF: Substance abuse in schizophrenia: a review of the literature and a study of correlates in Sweden. Schizophr Res 2001, 48:69-82.
• [3]Myles H, Myles N, Large M. Cannabis use in first episode psychosis: Meta-analysis of prevalence, and the time course of initiation and continued use. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. (in press).
• [4]Koskinen J, Löhönen J, Koponen H, Isohanni M, Miettunen J: Rate of cannabis use disorders in clinical samples of patients with schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. Schizophr Bull 2010, 36:1115-1130.
• [5]Radhakrishnan R, Addy PH, Sewell RA, Skosnik PD, Ranganathan M, D’Souza DC: Cannabis, cannabinoids and the link with psychosis. In The effects of drug abuse on the human nervous system. Edited by Madras B, Kuhar M. Academic Press (Elsevier), San Diego; 2014:423-474.
• [6]Solowij N, Michie PT: Cannabis and cognitive dysfunction: parallels with endophenotypes of schizophrenia? J Psychiatry Neurosci 2007, 32:30-52.
• [7]Fletcher PC, Honey GD: Schizophrenia, ketamine and cannabis: evidence of overlapping memory deficits. Trends Cogn Sci 2006, 10:167-174.
• [8]Patrick G, Straumanis JJ, Struve FA, Fitz-Gerald MJ, Leavitt J, Manno JE: Reduced P50 auditory gating response in psychiatrically normal chronic marihuana users: a pilot study. Biol Psychiatry 1999, 45:1307-1312.
• [9]Kedzior KK, Martin-Iverson MT: Chronic cannabis use is associated with attention-modulated reduction in prepulse inhibition of the startle reflex in healthy humans. J Psychopharmacol 2006, 20:471-484.
• [10]Greenwood LM, Broyd SJ, Croft R, Todd J, Michie PT, Johnstone S, Murray R, Solowij N: Chronic effects of cannabis use on the auditory mismatch negativity. Biol Psychiatry 2014, 75:449-458.
• [11]Chadwick B, Miller ML, Hurd YL: Cannabis use during adolescent development: susceptibility to psychiatric illness. Front Psychiatry 2013, 14(4):129.
• [12]Henquet C, Murray R, Linszen D, van Os J: The environment and schizophrenia: the role of cannabis use. Schizophr Bull 2005, 31:608-612.
• [13]MacLeod J, Oakes R, Copello A, Crome I, Egger M, Hickman M, Oppenkowski T, Stokes-Lampard H: Davey Smith G: psychological and social sequelae of cannabis and other illicit drug use by young people: a systematic review of longitudinal, general population studies. Lancet 2004, 363:1579-1588.
• [14]Moore TH, Zammit S, Lingford-Hughes A, Barnes TR, Jones PB, Burke M, Lewis G: Cannabis use and risk of psychotic or affective mental health outcomes: a systematic review. Lancet 2007, 370:319-328.
• [15]Manrique-Garcia E, Zammit S, Dalman C, Hemmingsson T, Andreasson S, Allebeck P: Cannabis, schizophrenia and other non-affective psychoses: 35 years of follow-up of a population-based cohort. Psychol Med 2012, 42:1321-1328.
• [16]Mané A, Fernández-Expósito M, Bergé D, Gómez-Pérez L, Sabaté A, Toll A, Diaz L, Diez-Aja C, Perez V: Relationship between cannabis and psychosis: reasons for use and associated clinical variables. Psychiatry Res 2015, 229:70-74.
• [17]Green AI, Tohen MF, Hamer RM, Strakowski SM, Lieberman JA, Glick I, Clark WS: HGDH Research Group: First episode schizophrenia-related psychosis and substance use disorders: acute response to olanzapine and haloperidol. Schizophr Res 2004, 66:125-135.
• [18]Van Mastrigt S, Addington J, Addington D: Substance misuse at presentation to an early psychosis program. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2004, 39:69-72.
• [19]Large M, Sharma S, Compton MT, Slade T, Nielssen O: Cannabis use and earlier onset of psychosis: a systematic meta-analysis. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2011, 68:555-561.
• [20]Sevy S, Robinson DG, Holloway S, Alvir JM, Woerner MG, Bilder R, Goldman R, Lieberman J, Kane J: Correlates of substance misuse in patients with first-episode schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2001, 104:367-374.
• [21]Wobrock T, Falkai P, Schneider-Axmann T, Hasan T, Galderisi S, Davidson M, Kahn RS, Derks EM, Boter H, Rybakowski JK, Libiger J, Dollfus S, Lopez-Ibor JJ, Peuskens J, Hranov LG, Gaebel W, Fleischacker WW: EUFEST study group: Comorbid substance abuse in first-episode schizophrenia: effects on cognition and psychopathology in the EUFEST study. Schizophr Res 2013, 147:132-139.
• [22]Zammit S, Moore TH, Lingford-Hughes A, Barnes TR, Jones PB, Burke M, Lewis G: Effects of cannabis use on outcomes of psychotic disorders: systematic review. Br J Psychiatry 2008, 193:357-363.
• [23]Bersani G, Orlandi V, Gherardelli S, Pancheri P: Cannabis and neurological soft signs in schizophrenia: absence of relationship and influence on psychopathology. Psychopathology 2002, 35:289-295.
• [24]Boydell J, Dean K, Dutta R, Giouroukou E, Fearon P, Murray R: A comparison of symptoms and family history in schizophrenia with and without prior cannabis use: implications for the concept of cannabis psychosis. Schizophr Res 2007, 93:203-210.
• [25]Stirling J, Lewis S, Hopkins R, White C: Cannabis use prior to first onset psychosis predicts spared neurocognition at 10-year follow-up. Schizophr Res 2005, 75:135-137.
• [26]van Dijk D, Koeter MW, Hijman R, Kahn RS, van den Brink W: Effect of cannabis use on the course of schizophrenia in male patients: a prospective cohort study. Schizophr Res 2012, 137:50-57.
• [27]Gupta P, Mullin K, Nielssen O, Harris A, Large M: Do former substance users with psychosis differ in their symptoms or function from non-substance users? A systematic meta-analysis. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2013, 47:524-537.
• [28]Baeza I, Graell M, Moreno D, Castro-Fornieles J, Parellada M, González-Pinto A, Payá B, Soutullo C, de la Serna E, Arango C: Cannabis use in children and adolescents with first episode psychosis: influence on psychopathology and short-term outcome (CAFEPS study). Schizophr Res 2009, 113:129-137.
• [29]Compton MT, Broussard B, Ramsay CE, Stewart T: Pre-illness cannabis use and the early course of nonaffective psychotic disorders: associations with premorbid functioning, the prodrome, and mode of onset of psychosis. Schizophr Res 2011, 126:71-76.
• [30]Foti DJ, Kotov R, Guey LT, Bromet EJ: Cannabis use and the course of schizophrenia: 10-year follow-up after first hospitalization. Am J Psychiatry 2010, 167:987-993.
• [31]Rubio G, Marín-Lozano J, Ferre F, Martínez-Gras I, Rodriguez-Jimenez R, Sanz J, Jimenez-Arriero MA, Carrasco JL, Lora D, Jurado R, López-Trabada JR, Palomo T: Psychopathologic differences between cannabis-induced psychoses and recent-onset primary psychoses with abuse of cannabis. Compr Psychiatry 2012, 53:1063-1070.
• [32]Ruiz-Veguilla M, Barrigón ML, Hernández L, Rubio JL, Gurpegui M, Sarramea F, Cervilla J, Gutiérrez B, James A, Ferrin M: Dose-response effect between cannabis use and psychosis liability in a non-clinical population: evidence from a snowball sample. J Psychiatr Res 2013, 47:1036-1043.
• [33]Cardno AG, Sham PC, Murray RM, McGuffin P: Twin study of symptom dimensions in psychoses. Br J Psychiatry 2001, 179:39-45.
• [34]McIntosh AM, Forrester A, Lawrie SM, Byrne M, Harper A, Kestelman JN, Best JJ, Johnstone EC, Owens DG: A factor model of the functional psychoses and the relationship of factors to clinical variables and brain morphology. Psychol Med 2001, 31:159-171.
• [35]Serretti A, Rietschel M, Lattuada E, Krauss H, Schulze TG, Müller DJ, Maier W, Smeraldi E: Major psychoses symptomatology: factor analysis of 2241 psychotic subjects. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2001, 251:193-198.
• [36]Van Os J, Marcelis M, Sham P, Jones P, Gilvarry K, Murray R: Psychopathological syndromes and familial morbid risk of psychosis. Br J Psychiatry 1997, 170:241-246.
• [37]Preisig M, Fenton BT, Matthey ML, Berney A, Ferrero F: Diagnostic interview of genetic studies (DIGS): inter-rater and test-retest reliability of the French version. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 1999, 249:74-179.
• [38]Maxwell ME (1992) Family interview for genetic studies. Clinical Neurogenetic Branch, Intramural Research Program; NIMH.
• [39]McGuffin P, Farmer A, Harvey I: A polydiagnostic application of operational criteria in studies of psychotic illness. Development and reliability of the OPCRIT system. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1991, 48:764-770.
• [40]Hall WD: Cannabis use and psychosis. Drug Alcohol Rev 1998, 17:433-444.
• [41]Large M, Mullin K, Gupta P, Harris A, Nielssen O: Systematic meta-analysis of outcomes associated with psychosis and co-morbid substance use. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2014, 48:418-432.
• [42]Arendt M, Mortensen PB, Rosenberg R, Pedersen CB, Waltoft BL: Familial predisposition for psychiatric disorder: comparison of subjects treated for cannabis-induced psychosis and schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2008, 65:1269-1274.
• [43]Barrigón ML, Gurpegui M, Ruiz-Veguilla M, Diaz FJ, Anguita M, Sarramea F, Cervilla J: Temporal relationship of first-episode non-affective psychosis with cannabis use: a clinical verification of an epidemiological hypothesis. J Psychiatr Res 2010, 44:413-420.
• [44]Sugranyes G, Flamarique I, Parellada E, Baeza I, Goti J, Fernandez-Egea E, Bernardo M: Cannabis use and age of diagnosis of schizophrenia. Eur Psychiatry 2009, 24:282-286.
• [45]Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Results from the 2005 national survey on drug use and health: national findings (Office of applied studies, NSDUH series H-30, DHHS Publication No SMA 06-4194). Rockville: 2006.
• [46]Arendt M, Rosenberg R, Foldager L, Perto G, Munk-Jørgensen P: Cannabis-induced psychosis and subsequent schizophrenia-spectrum disorders: follow-up study of 535 incident cases. Br J Psychiatry 2005, 187:510-515.
• [47]Compton MT, Kelley ME, Ramsay CE, Pringle M, Goulding SM, Esterberg ML, Stewart T, Walker EF: Association of pre-onset cannabis, alcohol, and tobacco use with age at onset of prodrome and age at onset of psychosis in first-episode patients. Am J Psychiatry 2009, 166:1251-1257.
• [48]Galvez-Buccollini JA, Proal AC, Tomaselli V, Trachtenberg M, Coconcea C, Chun J, Manschreck T, Fleming J, DeLisi LE: Association between age at onset of psychosis and age at onset of cannabis use in non-affective psychosis. Schizophr Res 2012, 139:157-160.
• [49]Cuffel BJ, Heithoff KA, Lawson W: Correlates of patterns of substance abuse among patients with schizophrenia. Hosp Comm Psychiatry 1993, 44:247-251.
• [50]Kovasznay B, Bromet E, Schwartz JE, Ram R, Lavelle J, Brandon L: Substance abuse and onset of psychotic illness. Hosp Comm Psychiatry 1993, 44:567-571.
• [51]Zisook S, Heaton R, Moranville J, Kuck J, Jernigan T, Braff D: Past substance abuse and clinical course of schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 1992, 149:552-553.
• [52]Auquier P, Lançon C, Rouillon F, Lader M: Mortality in schizophrenia. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2007, 16:1308-1312.
• [53]Soyka M, Albus M, Immler B, Kathmann N, Hippius H: Psychopathology in dual diagnosis and non-addicted schizophrenics–are there differences? Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2001, 251:232-238.
• [54]Makkos Z, Fejes L, Inczédy-Farkas G, Kassai-Farkas A, Faludi G, Lazary J: Psychopharmacological comparison of schizophrenia spectrum disorder with and without cannabis dependency. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2011, 35:212-217.
• [55]McGuire PK, Jones P, Harvey I, Williams M, McGuffin P, Murray RM: Morbid risk of schizophrenia for relatives of patients with cannabis-associated psychosis. Schizophr Res 1995, 15:277-281.
• [56]Barnes TR, Mutsatsa SH, Hutton SB, Watt HC, Joyce EM: Comorbid substance use and age at onset of schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 2006, 188:237-242.
• [57]deQuardo JR, Carpenter CF, Tandon R: Patterns of substance abuse in schizophrenia: nature and significance. J Psychiatr Res 1994, 28:267-275.
• [58]Rabinowitz J, Bromet EJ, Lavelle J, Carlson G, Kovasznay B, Schwartz JE: Prevalence and severity of substance use disorders and onset of psychosis in first-admission psychotic patients. Psychol Med 1998, 28:1411-1419.
• [59]Caspari D: Cannabis and schizophrenia: results of a follow-up study. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 1999, 249:45-49.
• [60]Degenhardt L, Tennant C, Gilmour S, Schofield D, Nash L, Hall W, McKay D: The temporal dynamics of relationships between cannabis, psychosis and depression among young adults with psychotic disorders: findings from a 10-month prospective study. Psychol Med 2007, 37:927-934.
• [61]Grech A, Van Os J, Jones PB, Lewis SW, Murray RM: Cannabis use and outcome of recent onset psychosis. Eur Psychiatry 2005, 20:349-353.
• [62]Compton MT, Furman AC, Kaslow NJ: Lower negative symptom scores among cannabis-dependent patients with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders: preliminary evidence from an African American first-episode sample. Schizophr Res 2004, 71:61-64.
• [63]Talamo A, Centorrino F, Tondo L, Dimitri A, Hennen J, Baldessarini RJ: Comorbid substance-use in schizophrenia: relation to positive and negative symptoms. Schizophr Res 2006, 86:251-255.
• [64]Berney A, Preisig M, Matthey ML, Ferrero F, Fenton BT: Diagnostic interview for genetic studies (DIGS): inter-rater and test-retest reliability of alcohol and drug diagnoses. Drug Alcohol Depend 2002, 65:149-158.