Unstaged cancer in the United States: a population-based study

BMC Cancer

Karem Ryker¹  Allison E Anderson¹  Arielle Sloan¹  Ray M Merrill¹ 

[1]Department of Health Science at Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA

关键词: unstaged;    SEER;    relative survival;    population-based;    incidence;    cancer;   

Others  :  1080733
DOI  :  10.1186/1471-2407-11-402

 received in 2011-04-06, accepted in 2011-09-21,  发布年份 2011

【 摘 要 】

Background

The current study examines unstaged disease for 18 cancer sites in the United States according to the influence of age, sex, race, marital status, incidence, and lethality.

Methods

Analyses are based on 1,040,381 male and 1,011,355 female incident cancer cases diagnosed during 2000 through 2007. Data were collected by population-based cancer registries in the National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program.

Results

The level of unstaged disease was greater in more lethal cancers (e.g., liver, esophagus, and pancreas) compared with less deadly cancers (i.e., colon, urinary bladder, and female breast). Unstaged disease increased with age and is greater among non-married patients. Blacks compared with whites experienced significantly higher levels of unstaged cancers of the stomach, rectum, colon, skin (melanoma), urinary bladder, thyroid, breast, corpus, cervix, and ovaries, but lower levels of unstaged liver, lung and bronchial cancers. Males compared with females experienced significantly lower levels of unstaged cancers of the liver, pancreas, esophagus, and stomach, but significantly higher levels of unstaged lung and bronchial cancer and thyroid cancer. The percent of unstaged cancer significantly decreased over the study period for 15 of the 18 cancer sites.

Conclusion

Tumor staging directly affects treatment options and survival, so it is recommended that further research focus on why a decrease in unstaged disease did not occur for all of the cancer sites considered from 2000 to 2007, and why there are differential levels of staging between whites and blacks, males and females for several of the cancer sites.

【 授权许可】

   
2011 Merrill et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

【 图 表 】

Figure 1.

Figure 2.

Figure 3.

Figure 4.

【 参考文献 】

• [1]Yancik R, Wesley MN, Ries LA, et al.: Effect of age and comorbidity in postmenopausal breast cancer patients aged 55 years and older. JAMA 2001, 285(7):885-892.
• [2]Klassen AC, Curriero F, Kulldorf M, et al.: Missing stage and grade in Maryland prostate cancer surveillance data, 1992-1997. Am J Prev Med 2006, 30(2 Suppl):S77-S87.
• [3]Koroukian SM, Xu F, Beaird H, et al.: Complexity of care needs and unstaged cancer in elders: a population-based study. Cancer Detect Prev 2007, 31(3):199-206.
• [4]Worthington JL, Koroukian SM, Cooper GS: Examining the characteristics of unstaged colon and rectal cancer cases. Cancer Detect Prev 2008, 32(3):251-258.
• [5]Bradley CJ, Lin C: Absence of cancer diagnosis and treatment in elderly Medicaid-insured nursing home residents. J Natl Cancer Inst 2008, 100:21-31.
• [6]Roetzheim RG, Pal N, Tennant C, et al.: Effects of health insurance and race on early detection of cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1999, 91(16):1409-1415.
• [7]Hankey BF, Riew LA, Edwards BK: The Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results program: a national resource. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1999, 8:1117-1121.
• [8]Ries LAG, Reichman ME, Lewis DR, Hankey BF, Edwards BK: Cancer survival and incidence from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program. Oncologist 2003, 8:541-552.
• [9]Percy C, Van Holten V, Muir C, eds: International Classification of Disease for Oncology, Second Edition. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1990.
• [10]Ries LAG, Kosary CL, Lyles BA: Cancer patient survival: why use the relative survival rate. The Abstract 1995, 21:28-30.
• [11]Henson DE, Ries LA: The relative survival rate. Cancer 1995, 76:1687-1688.
• [12]Percy CL, Miller BA, Ries LA: Effect of changes in cancer classification and the accuracy of cancer death certificates on trends in cancer mortality. In Trends in Cancer Mortality in Industrial Countries. Volume 609. Edited by Davis DL, Hoel D eds. New York: New York Academy of Sciences; 1990::87-99.
• [13]Mettlin CJ, Murphy GP, Cunningham MP, Menck HR: The national cancer data base report on race, age, and region variations in prostate cancer treatment. Cancer 1987, 80(7):1261-1266.
• [14]Patel MK, Patel DA, Lu M, Elshaikh MA, Munkarah A, Movsas B: Impact of marital status on survival among women with invasive cervical cancer: analysis of population-based Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results data. J Low Genit Tract Dis 2010, 14(4):329-338.
• [15]Van Jaarsveld CH, Miles A, Edwards R, Wardle J: Marriage and cancer prevention: does marital status and inviting both spouses together influence colorectal cancer screening participation? J Med Screen 2006, 13(4):172-176.
• [16]Gore JL, Kwan L, Saigal CS, Litwin MS: Marriage and mortality in bladder carcinoma. Cancer 2005, 104(6):1188-1194.
• [17]Goodwin JS, Hunt WC, Key CR, Samet JM: The effect of marital status on stage, treatment, and survival of cancer patients. JAMA 1987, 258:3125-3130.
• [18]Sato N, Ito Y, Ioka A, Tanaka M, Tsukuma H: Sex differences in stomach cancer survival in Osaka, Japan: analyses using relative survival model. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2009, 39(10):690-694.
• [19]McCann : Sex differences in cancer that don't make sense: or do they? J Natl Cancer Inst 2009, 92(19):1560-1562.
• [20]Miller BA, Hankey BF, Thomas TL: Impact of sociodemographic factors, hormone receptor status, and tumor grade on ethnic differences in tumor stage and size for breast cancer in US Women. Am J Epidemiol 2001, 155(6):534-545.
• [21]Putt M, Long JA, Montagnet C, et al.: Racial differences in the impact of comorbidities on survival among elderly men with prostate cancer. Med Care Res Rev 2009, 66(4):409-435.
• [22]Chan JK, Wu H, Cheung MK, Shin JY, Osann K, Kapp DS: The outcomes of 27,063 women with unstage endometrioid uterine cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2007, 106(2):282-288.
• [23]Schwartz KL, Crossley-May H, Vigneau FD, Brown K, Banerjee M: Race, socioeconomic status and stage at diagnosis for five common malignancies. Cancer Causes Control 2003, 14(8):761-766.
• [24]Calle EE, Flanders WD, Thun MJ, Martin LM: Demographic predictors of mammography and pap smear screening in US women. Am J Public Health 1993, 83(1):53.
• [25]Ries L, Fritz A: The SEER Program Code Manual. Third Edition. Surveillance Program Bethesda, MD: Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health 1998.
• [26]North American Association of Central Cancer Registries: Standards for Cancer Registries. Volume III: Standards for Completeness, Quality, Analysis, and Management of Data. 2000.
• [27]Merrill RM, Dearden KA: How representative are the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program cancer data of the United States? Cancer Causes Control 2004, 15:1027-1034.