Optimizing Bi2O3 and TiO2 to achieve the maximum non-linear electrical property of ZnO low voltage varistor

Chemistry Central Journal

Seyedehmaryam Moosavi¹  Masoumeh Dorraj²  Nurhidayati Mohd Sidek¹  Nuraine Mariana Mohd Shahrani¹  Khamirul Amin Matori²  Siti Norazilah Ahmad Tamili¹  Raba’ah Syahidah Aziz¹  Azmi Zakaria²  Yadollah Abdollahi² 

[1]Department of Physics, Faculty Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

[2]Material Synthesis and Characterization Laboratory, Institute of Advanced Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

关键词: TiO2;    Bi2O3;    RSM;    Modeling;    ZnO-varistor;    Optimization;   

Others  :  787856
DOI  :  10.1186/1752-153X-7-137

 received in 2013-05-19, accepted in 2013-08-06,  发布年份 2013

【 摘 要 】

Background

In fabrication of ZnO-based low voltage varistor, Bi₂O₃ and TiO₂ have been used as former and grain growth enhancer factors respectively. Therefore, the molar ratio of the factors is quit important in the fabrication. In this paper, modeling and optimization of Bi₂O₃ and TiO₂ was carried out by response surface methodology to achieve maximized electrical properties. The fabrication was planned by central composite design using two variables and one response. To obtain actual responses, the design was performed in laboratory by the conventional methods of ceramics fabrication. The actual responses were fitted into a valid second order algebraic polynomial equation. Then the quadratic model was suggested by response surface methodology. The model was validated by analysis of variance which provided several evidences such as high F-value (153.6), very low P-value (<0.0001), adjusted R-squared (0.985) and predicted R-squared (0.947). Moreover, the lack of fit was not significant which means the model was significant.

Results

The model tracked the optimum of the additives in the design by using three dimension surface plots. In the optimum condition, the molars ratio of Bi₂O₃ and TiO₂ were obtained in a surface area around 1.25 point that maximized the nonlinear coefficient around 20 point. Moreover, the model predicted the optimum amount of the additives in desirable condition. In this case, the condition included minimum standard error (0.35) and maximum nonlinearity (20.03), while molar ratio of Bi₂O₃ (1.24 mol%) and TiO₂ (1.27 mol%) was in range. The condition as a solution was tested by further experiments for confirmation. As the experimental results showed, the obtained value of the non-linearity, 21.6, was quite close to the predicted model.

Conclusion

Response surface methodology has been successful for modeling and optimizing the additives such as Bi₂O₃ and TiO₂ of ZnO-based low voltage varistor to achieve maximized non-linearity properties.

【 授权许可】

   
2013 Abdollahi et al.; licensee Chemistry Central Ltd.

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