Motor regulation problems and pain in adults diagnosed with ADHD

Behavioral and Brain Functions

Liv Larsen Stray³  Øistein Kristensen²  Martha Lomeland²  Mette Skorstad²  Torstein Stray¹  Finn Egil Tønnessen¹ 

[1] The Reading Centre, Faculty of Education and Arts, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway

[2] Addiction Unit, Sørlandet Hospital, Kristiansand, Norway

[3] Department of Child and Adolescent Health, Sørlandet Hospital, Kristiansand, Norway

关键词: Adult;    Pain;    Inhibition;    Tonus;    Muscular regulation;    MFNU;    Motor problems;    ADHD;   

Others  :  793505
DOI  :  10.1186/1744-9081-9-18

 received in 2012-11-16, accepted in 2013-04-23,  发布年份 2013

【 摘 要 】

Background

Most children who are diagnosed with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have moderate-to-severe motor problems using the Motor Function Neurological Assessment battery (MFNU). The MFNU focuses on specific muscle adjustment problems associated with ADHD, especially motor inhibition problems and high muscle tone. Here we investigated whether adults with ADHD/hyperkinetic disorder (HKD) have similar motor problems. In our clinical experience, adults with ADHD often complain about back, shoulder, hip, and leg pain. We also investigate reported pain in adults with ADHD.

Methods

Twenty-five adult outpatients diagnosed with ADHD/HKD who were responders to methylphenidate (MPH) were compared to 23 non-ADHD controls on 16 MFNU subtests and using a ‘total score’ (‘TS’) parameter. The MFNU test leader was blinded to group identity. The two groups were also compared using the Pain Drawing and Numerical Pain Rating Scale.

Results

The adult ADHD group had significantly (p < .001) more motor problems (higher TS) than controls. On the muscle regulation subtests, 36–96% of the ADHD group showed ‘moderate’ to ‘severe’ problems compared to 13–52% of the control group, and 80% of the ADHD group reported widespread pain. Highly significant differences were found between the ADHD and control groups for the variables ‘pain level’ (p < .001) and ‘pain location’ (p < .001). Significant correlations were found between TS and ‘pain location’ and between TS and ‘pain level’.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that similar to children with ADHD, adults diagnosed with ADHD also have motor inhibition problems and heightened muscle tone. The presence of significantly higher pain levels and more widespread pain in the ADHD group compared to non-ADHD controls might indicate that pain is a long-term secondary effect of heightened muscle tone and restricted movement that can be demonstrated in children and adults by the MFNU battery.

【 授权许可】

   
2013 Stray et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

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