Dual application of duckweed and azolla plants for wastewater treatment and renewable fuels and petrochemicals production

Biotechnology for Biofuels

Nazim Muradov¹  Mohamed Taha³  Ana F Miranda³  Krishna Kadali³  Amit Gujar¹  Simone Rochfort²  Trevor Stevenson³  Andrew S Ball³  Aidyn Mouradov³ 

[1] University of Central Florida, Florida Solar Energy Centre, 1679 Clearlake Road, 32922 Cocoa, FL, USA

[2] Department of Primary Industries, Biosciences Research Division, Victorian AgriBiosciences Centre, 3083 Bundoora, Victoria, Australia

[3] Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, 3083 Bundoora, VIC, Australia

关键词: Thermochemical conversion;    Swine wastewater;    Pyrolysis;    Bioremediation;    Biofuel;    Algae;   

Others  :  793421
DOI  :  10.1186/1754-6834-7-30

 received in 2013-09-27, accepted in 2014-02-10,  发布年份 2014

【 摘 要 】

Background

Shortages in fresh water supplies today affects more than 1 billion people worldwide. Phytoremediation strategies, based on the abilities of aquatic plants to recycle nutrients offer an attractive solution for the bioremediation of water pollution and represents one of the most globally researched issues. The subsequent application of the biomass from the remediation for the production of fuels and petrochemicals offers an ecologically friendly and cost-effective solution for water pollution problems and production of value-added products.

Results

In this paper, the feasibility of the dual application of duckweed and azolla aquatic plants for wastewater treatment and production of renewable fuels and petrochemicals is explored. The differences in absorption rates of the key wastewater nutrients, ammonium and phosphorus by these aquatic macrophytes were used as the basis for optimization of the composition of wastewater effluents. Analysis of pyrolysis products showed that azolla and algae produce a similar range of bio-oils that contain a large spectrum of petrochemicals including straight-chain C10-C21 alkanes, which can be directly used as diesel fuel supplement, or a glycerin-free component of biodiesel. Pyrolysis of duckweed produces a different range of bio-oil components that can potentially be used for the production of “green” gasoline and diesel fuel using existing techniques, such as catalytic hydrodeoxygenation.

Conclusions

Differences in absorption rates of the key wastewater nutrients, ammonium and phosphorus by different aquatic macrophytes can be used for optimization of composition of wastewater effluents. The generated data suggest that the composition of the petrochemicals can be modified in a targeted fashion, not only by using different species, but also by changing the source plants’ metabolic profile, by exposing them to different abiotic or biotic stresses. This study presents an attractive, ecologically friendly and cost-effective solution for efficient bio-filtration of swine wastewater and petrochemicals production from generated biomass.

【 授权许可】

   
2014 Muradov et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

【 图 表 】

Figure 1.

Figure 2.

Figure 3.

Figure 4.

Figure 5.

Figure 6.

Figure 7.

Figure 8.

【 参考文献 】

• [1]Shiomi N, Kitoh S: Culture of Azolla in a pond, nutrient composition, and use as fish feed. Soil Sci Plant Nutr 2001, 47:27-34.
• [2]Shiomi N, Kitoh S: Nutrient absorption capacity of azolla from waste-water and use of azolla plant as biomass. J Plant Nutr 1987, 10:1663-1670.
• [3]Costa ML, Santos MC, Carrapico F: Biomass characterization of Azolla filiculoides grown in natural ecosystems and wastewater. Hydrobiologia 1999, 415:323-327.
• [4]Costa ML, Santos MCR, Carrapiço F, Pereira AL: Azolla–Anabaena’s behaviour in urban wastewater and artificial media – influence of combined nitrogen. Water Res 2009, 43:3743-3750.
• [5]Vermaat JE, Hanif MK: Performance of common duckweed species (Lemnaceae) and the waterfern Azolla filiculoides on different types of waste water. Water Res 1998, 32:2569-2576.
• [6]Forni C, Cascone A, Fiori M, Migliore L: Sulphadimethoxine and Azolla filiculoides Lam.: a model for drug remediation. Water Res 2002, 36:3398-3403.
• [7]Forni C, Patrizi C, Migliore L: Floating aquatic macrophytes as a decontamination tool for antimicrobial drugs. Nato Sci S Ss Iv Ear 2006, 69:467-477.
• [8]Tel-Or E, Forni C: Phytoremediation of hazardous toxic metals and organics by photosynthetic aquatic systems. Plant Biosyst 2011, 145:224-235.
• [9]Mohedano RA, Costa RHR, Tavares FA, Belli P: High nutrient removal rate from swine wastes and protein biomass production by full-scale duckweed ponds. Bioresour Technol 2012, 112:98-104.
• [10]Mohedano RA, Velho VF, Costa RH, Hofmann SM, Belli Filho P: Nutrient recovery from swine waste and protein biomass production using duckweed ponds (Landoltia punctata): southern Brazil. Water Sci Technol 2012, 65:2042-2048.
• [11]Fujita M, Mori K, Kodera T: Nutrient removal and starch production through cultivation of Wolffia arrhiza. J Biosci Bioeng 1999, 87:194-198.
• [12]Mohapatra DP, Ghangrekar MM, Mitra A, Brar SK: Sewage treatment in integrated system of UASB reactor and duckweed pond and reuse for aquaculture. Environ Technol 2012, 33:1445-1453.
• [13]El-Shafai SA, Abdel-Gawad FK, Samhan F, Nasr FA: Resource recovery from septic tank effluent using duckweed-based tilapia aquaculture. Environ Technol 2013, 34:121-129.
• [14]Ge XM, Zhang NN, Phillips GC, Xu JF: Growing Lemna minor in agricultural wastewater and converting the duckweed biomass to ethanol. Bioresour Technol 2012, 124:485-488.
• [15]Bergmann BA, Cheng J, Classen J, Stomp AM: In vitro selection of duckweed geographical isolates for potential use in swine lagoon effluent renovation. Bioresour Technol 2000, 73:13-20.
• [16]Cheng J, Landesman L, Bergmann BA, Classen JJ, Howard JW, Yamamoto YT: Nutrient removal from swine lagoon liquid by Lemna minor 8627. T Asae 2002, 45:1003-1010.
• [17]Cheng JY, Bergmann BA, Classen JJ, Stomp AM, Howard JW: Nutrient recovery from swine lagoon water by Spirodela punctata. Bioresour Technol 2002, 81:81-85.
• [18]Papadopoulos FH, Tsihrintzis VA, Zdragas AG: Removal of faecal bacteria from septage by treating it in a full-scale duckweed-covered pond system. J Environ Manage 2011, 92:3130-3135.
• [19]Landesman L, Fedler C, Duan RB: Plant nutrient phytoremediation using duckweed. In Eutrophication: Causes, Consequences and Control. Edited by Ansari AA, Gill SS, Lanza GR, Rast W. Beilin: Springer-Verlag; 2011:341-354.
• [20]Xu J, Shen G: Growing duckweed in swine wastewater for nutrient recovery and biomass production. Bioresour Technol 2011, 102:848-853.
• [21]Xu JL, Cui WH, Cheng JJ, Stomp AM: Production of high-starch duckweed and its conversion to bioethanol. Biosyst Eng 2011, 110:67-72.
• [22]Peters GA, Meeks JC: The Azolla-Anabaena symbiosis: basic biology. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 1989, 40:193-210.
• [23]Hall D, Markov S, Watanabe Y, Krishna Rao K: The potential applications of cyanobacterial photosynthesis for clean technologies. Photosynth Res 1995, 46:159-167.
• [24]Sood A, Uniyal PL, Prasanna R, Ahluwalia AS: Phytoremediation potential of aquatic macrophyte, Azolla. Ambio 2012, 41:122-137.
• [25]Reddy KR, Debusk WF: Nutrient removal potential of selected aquatic macrophytes. J Environ Qual 1985, 14:459-462.
• [26]Arora A, Saxena S: Cultivation of Azolla microphylla biomass on secondary-treated Delhi municipal effluents. Biomass Bioenerg 2005, 29:60-64.
• [27]Chen Q, Jin YL, Zhang GH, Fang Y, Xiao Y, Zhao H: Improving production of bioethanol from duckweed (Landoltia punctata) by pectinase pretreatment. Energies 2012, 5:3019-3032.
• [28]Zhao X, Elliston A, Collins SRA, Moates GK, Coleman MJ, Waldron KW: Enzymatic saccharification of duckweed (Lemna minor) biomass without thermophysical pretreatment. Biomass Bioenerg 2012, 47:354-361.
• [29]Wang HM, Male J, Wang Y: Recent advances in hydrotreating of pyrolysis bio-oil and its oxygen-containing model compounds. Acs Catal 2013, 3:1047-1070.
• [30]Wang WC, Freemark K: The use of plants for environmental monitoring and assessment. Ecotox Environ Safe 1995, 30:289-301.
• [31]Wang Z, Lin WG, Song WL, Wu XX: Pyrolysis of the lignocellulose fermentation residue by fixed-bed micro reactor. Energy 2012, 43:301-305.
• [32]Chow MC, Jackson WR, Chaffee AL, Marshall M: Thermal treatment of algae for production of biofuel. Energ Fuel 2013, 27:1926-1950.
• [33]Demirbas A: Oily products from mosses and algae via pyrolysis. Energ Source Part A 2006, 28:933-940.
• [34]Miao XL, Wu QY, Yang CY: Fast pyrolysis of microalgae to produce renewable fuels. J Anal Appl Pyrol 2004, 71:855-863.
• [35]Muradov N, Fidalgo B, Gujar AC, T-Raissi A: Pyrolysis of fast-growing aquatic biomass - Lemna minor (duckweed): Characterization of pyrolysis products. Bioresour Technol 2010, 101:8424-8428.
• [36]Muradov N, Fidalgo B, Gujar AC, Garceau N, T-Raissi A: Production and characterization of Lemna minor bio-char and its catalytic application for biogas reforming. Biomass Bioenerg 2012, 42:123-131.
• [37]Duan PG, Xu YP, Bai XJ: Upgrading of crude duckweed bio-oil in subcritical water. Energ Fuel 2013, 27:4729-4738.
• [38]Cheng JJ, Stomp AM: Growing duckweed to recover nutrients from wastewaters and for production of fuel ethanol and animal feed. Clean-Soil Air Water 2009, 37:17-26.
• [39]Sims A, Hu ZQ: Simulated storm-water runoff treatment by duckweed and algae ponds. J Environ Eng-Asce 2013, 139:509-515.
• [40]Sims A, Gajaraj S, Hu ZQ: Nutrient removal and greenhouse gas emissions in duckweed treatment ponds. Water Res 2013, 47:1390-1398.
• [41]Song U, Park H, Lee EJ: Ecological responses and remediation ability of water fern (Azolla japonica) to water pollution. J Plant Biol 2012, 55:381-389.
• [42]Reddy KR, Debusk WF: Growth-characteristics of aquatic macrophytes cultured in nutrient-enriched water.2. azolla, duckweed, and salvinia. Econ Bot 1985, 39:200-208.
• [43]Vincenzini M, Margheri MC, Sili C: Outdoor mass culture of Azolla spp.: yields and efficiencies of nitrogen fixation. Plant Soil 1985, 86:57-67.
• [44]Erica EVJ, Alexandre MP, Alex BS, Ricardo WP, Freire Songeli MS, Ribeiro Catla SOR, Costa Silvia L, Ramon SE, Marcienne BT, De Fatima DCM: Effects of IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha on glial cells immune response to Neospora caninum. 9th European Meeting on Glial Cells in Health and Disease 2009, 213-217.
• [45]Korner S, Vermaat JE, Veenstra S: The capacity of duckweed to treat wastewater: ecological considerations for a sound design. J Environ Qual 2003, 32:1583-1590.
• [46]Mészáros E, Várhegyi G, Jakab E, Marosvölgyi B: Thermogravimetric and reaction kinetic analysis of biomass samples from an energy plantation. Energ Fuel 2004, 18:497-507.
• [47]Skodras G, GrammelisO P, Basinas P, Kakaras E, Sakellaropoulos G: Pyrolysis and combustion characteristics of biomass and waste-derived feedstock. Ind Eng Chem Res 2006, 45:3791-3799.
• [48]Daneshvar SSF, Otsuka K: Pyrolytic behavior of green macro algae and evaluation of its activation energy. Int J Chem Eng Appl 2012, 3:256-263.
• [49]Shuping Z, Yulong W, Mingde Y, Chun L, Junmao T: Pyrolysis characteristics and kinetics of the marine microalgae Dunaliella tertiolecta using thermogravimetric analyzer. Bioresour Technol 2010, 101:359-365.
• [50]Trinh TN, Jensen PA, Sørensen RH, Dam-Johansen K, Søren H: Flash pyrolysis properties of algae and lignin residue. In 20th European Biomass Conference and Exhibition. Milano, Italy: B.Krautkremer. JRC/IET; 2012:966-972. doi:10.5071/20thEUBCE2012-2DO.11.2. ISBN: 978-88-89407-54-7. ISSN 2282-5819
• [51]Renugopalakrishnan V, Wei X, Narasimhan G, Verma CS, Li P, Anumanthan A: Enhancement of protein thermal stability: toward the design of robust proteins for bionanotechnological applications. In Bionanotechnology. Edited by Renugopalakrishnan V, Lewis R. Netherlands: Springer; 2006:117-139.
• [52]Kebelmann K, Hornung A, Karsten U, Griffiths G: Intermediate pyrolysis and product identification by TGA and Py-GC/MS of green microalgae and their extracted protein and lipid components. Biomass Bioenerg 2013, 49:38-48.
• [53]Ranzi E, Cuoci A, Faravelli T, Frassoldati A, Migliavacca G, Pierucci S, Sommariva S: Chemical Kinetics of Biomass Pyrolysis. Energ Fuel 2008, 22:4292-4300.
• [54]Ross AB, Anastasakis K, Kubacki M, Jones JM: Investigation of the pyrolysis behaviour of brown algae before and after pre-treatment using PY-GC/MS and TGA. J Anal Appl Pyrol 2009, 85:3-10.
• [55]Kim JH, Park MH, Tsunogai U, Cheong TJ, Ryu BJ, Lee YJ, Han HC, Oh JH, Chang HW: Geochemical characterization of the organic matter, pore water constituents and shallow methane gas in the eastern part of the Ulleung Basin, East Sea (Japan Sea). Isl Arc 2007, 16:93-104.
• [56]Muradov N, Smith F, T-Raissi A: Hydrogen production by catalytic processing of renewable methane-rich gases. Int J Hydrogen Energ 2008, 33:2023-2035.
• [57]Liu YQ, Lim LRX, Wang J, Yan R, Mahakhant A: Investigation on Pyrolysis of Microalgae Botryococcus braunii and Hapalosiphon sp. Ind Eng Chem Res 2012, 51:10320-10326.
• [58]Qin Y, Zhou ZJ: Organic geochemistry characteristics of Yangshan super-large gold deposit, Gansu province. Acta Petrol Sin 2009, 25:2801-2810.
• [59]Wu FC, Xu LB, Sun YG, Liao HQ, Zhao XL, Guo JY: Exploring the relationship between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and sedimentary organic carbon in three Chinese lakes. J Soil Sediment 2012, 12:774-783.
• [60]Netscher T: Synthesis of vitamin E. Vitam Horm 2007, 76:155-202.
• [61]Daines AM, Payne RJ, Humphries ME, Abell AD: The synthesis of naturally occurring vitamin K and vitamin K analogues. Curr Org Chem 2003, 7:1625-1634.
• [62]McGinty D, Letizia CS, Api AM: Fragrance material review on phytol. Food Chem Toxicol 2010, 48:S59-S63.
• [63]Glaser B, Lehmann J, Zech W: Ameliorating physical and chemical properties of highly weathered soils in the tropics with charcoal - a review. Biol Fert Soils 2002, 35:219-230.
• [64]Thy P, Yu CW, Jenkins BM, Lesher CE: Inorganic composition and environmental impact of biomass feedstock. Energ Fuel 2013, 27:3969-3987.
• [65]Azargohar R, Dalai AK: Biochar as a precursor of activated carbon. Appl Biochem Biotech 2006, 131:762-773.
• [66]Tu Y, Rochfort S, Liu ZQ, Ran YD, Griffith M, Badenhorst P, Louie GV, Bowman ME, Smith KF, Noel JP, Mouradov A, Spangenberg G: Functional analyses of caffeic acid O-methyltransferase and cinnamoyl-CoA-reductase genes from perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne). Plant Cell 2010, 22:3357-3373.
• [67]Abeynayake SW, Panter S, Chapman R, Webster T, Rochfort S, Mouradov A, Spangenberg G: Biosynthesis of Proanthocyanidins in white clover flowers: cross talk within the flavonoid pathway. Plant Physiol 2012, 158:666-678.
• [68]Rai V, Sharma NK, Rai AK: Growth and cellular ion content of a salt-sensitive symbiotic system Azolla pinnata Anabaena azollae under NaCl stress. J Plant Physiol 2006, 163:937-944.
• [69]Lichtenthaler HK: Chlorophylls and carotenoids - pigments of photosynthetic biomembranes. Method Enzymol 1987, 148:350-382.
• [70]Porphy SJ, Farid MM: Feasibility study for production of biofuel and chemicals from marine microalgae Nannochloropsis sp. Based on basic mass and energy analysis. ISRN Renew Energ 2012, 2012:11.