Microevolutionary, macroevolutionary, ecological and taxonomical implications of punctuational theories of adaptive evolution

Biology Direct

Jaroslav Flegr¹ 

[1]Jaroslav Flegr, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Viničná 7, CZ-12844, Praha 2, Czech Republic

关键词: Taxonomy;    Origin of genera;    Cambrian explosion;    Dead clade walking;    Evolutionary trends;    Advantage of sex;    Genetic hitchhiking;    Genetic draft;    Asexual species;    Domestication;    Invasive species;    Peripatric speciation;    Frozen evolution;    Frozen plasticity;    Speciation;   

Others  :  795153
DOI  :  10.1186/1745-6150-8-1

 received in 2012-06-28, accepted in 2013-01-08,  发布年份 2013

【 摘 要 】

Punctuational theories of evolution suggest that adaptive evolution proceeds mostly, or even entirely, in the distinct periods of existence of a particular species. The mechanisms of this punctuated nature of evolution suggested by the various theories differ. Therefore the predictions of particular theories concerning various evolutionary phenomena also differ.

Punctuational theories can be subdivided into five classes, which differ in their mechanism and their evolutionary and ecological implications. For example, the transilience model of Templeton (class III), genetic revolution model of Mayr (class IV) or the frozen plasticity theory of Flegr (class V), suggests that adaptive evolution in sexual species is operative shortly after the emergence of a species by peripatric speciation – while it is evolutionary plastic. To a major degree, i.e. throughout 98-99% of their existence, sexual species are evolutionarily frozen (class III) or elastic (class IV and V) on a microevolutionary time scale and evolutionarily frozen on a macroevolutionary time scale and can only wait for extinction, or the highly improbable return of a population segment to the plastic state due to peripatric speciation.

The punctuational theories have many evolutionary and ecological implications. Most of these predictions could be tested empirically, and should be analyzed in greater depth theoretically. The punctuational theories offer many new predictions that need to be tested, but also provide explanations for a much broader spectrum of known biological phenomena than classical gradualistic evolutionary theories.

【 授权许可】

   
2013 Flegr; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

【 图 表 】

Figure 1.

【 参考文献 】

• [1]Templeton AR: The reality and importance of founder speciation in evolution. BioEssays 2008, 30:470-479.
• [2]Mayr E: Change of the genetic environment and evolution. In Evolution as a genetic process. 1st edition. Edited by Huxley J. London: Allen and Unwin; 1954:157-180.
• [3]Flegr J: Elastic, not plastic species: frozen plasticity theory and the origin of adaptive evolution in sexually reproducing organisms. Biol Direct 2010, 5:2. BioMed Central Full Text
• [4]Costas E, Gonzalez-Gil S, Lopez-Rodas V, Aguilera A: The influence of the slowing of Earth's rotation: A hypothesis to explain cell division synchrony under different day duration in earlier and later evolved unicellular algae. Helgol Meersunters 1996, 50:117-130.
• [5]McGill BJ, Etienne RS, Gray JS, Alonso D, Anderson MJ, Benecha HK, Dornelas M, Enquist BJ, Green JL, He FL, et al.: Species abundance distributions: moving beyond single prediction theories to integration within an ecological framework. Ecol Lett 2007, 10:995-1015.
• [6]McGill BJ, Hadly EA, Maurer BA: Community inertia of quaternary small mammal assemblages in North America. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005, 102:16701-16706.
• [7]Prinzing A, Ozinga WA, Durka W: The relationship between global and regional distribution diminishes among phylogenetically basal species. Evolution 2004, 58:2622-2633.
• [8]Bradshaw WE, Holzapfel CM: Climate change. Evolutionary response to rapid climate change. Science 2006, 312:1477-1478.
• [9]Nussey DH, Postma E, Gienapp P, Visser ME: Selection on heritable phenotypic plasticity in a wild bird population. Science 2005, 310:304-306.
• [10]Flegr J: Two distinct types of natural selection in turbidostat-like and chemostat-like ecosystems. J Theor Biol 1997, 188:121-126.
• [11]Kulich T, Flegr J: Positive effects of multiple gene control on the spread of altruism by group selection. J Theor Biol 2011, 284:1-6.
• [12]Clarke CMH: Liberations and dispersal of red deer in northern South Island districts. N Z For Sci 1971, 1:194-207.
• [13]Lever C: Naturalized Mammals of the World. Essex: Longman; 1985.
• [14]Sax DF, Brown JH: The paradox of invasion. Global Ecol Biogeogr 2000, 9:363-371.
• [15]Roman J, Darling JA: Paradox lost: genetic diversity and the success of aquatic invasions. Trends Ecol Evol 2007, 22:454-464.
• [16]Kliber A, Eckert CG: Interaction between founder effect and selection during biological invasion in an aquatic plant. Evolution 2005, 59:1900-1913.
• [17]Richards CL, Bossdorf O, Muth NZ, Gurevitch J, Pigliucci M: Jack of all trades, master of some? On the role of phenotypic plasticity in plant invasions. Ecol Lett 2006, 9:981-993.
• [18]Yonekura R, Kawamura K, Uchii K: A peculiar relationship between genetic diversity and adaptability in invasive exotic species: Bluegill sunfish as a model species. Ecol Res 2007, 22:911-919.
• [19]Prentis PJ, Wilson JRU, Dormontt EE, Richardson DM, Lowe AJ: Adaptive evolution in invasive species. Trends Plant Sci 2008, 13:288-294.
• [20]Novak SJ: The role of evolution in the invasion process. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007, 104:3671-3672.
• [21]Hoffmann AA, Reynolds KT, Nash MA, Weeks AR: A high incidence of parthenogenesis in agricultural pests. Proc R Soc Biol Sci Ser B 2008, 275:2473-2481.
• [22]Ross-Ibarra J, Morrell PL, Gaut BS: Plant domestication, a unique opportunity to identify the genetic basis of adaptation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007, 104:8641-8648.
• [23]Le Rouzic A, Carlborg O: Evolutionary potential of hidden genetic variation. Trends Ecol Evol 2008, 23:33-37.
• [24]Flegr J: Was Lysenko (partly) right? Michurinist biology in the view of modern plant physiology and genetics. Riv Biol/Biol Forum 2002, 95:259-271.
• [25]Peck JR, Yearsley JM, Waxman D: Explaining the geographic distributions of sexual and asexual population. Nature 1998, 391:889-892.
• [26]Haag CR, Ebert D: A new hypothesis to explain geographic parthenogenesis. Ann Zool Fenn 2004, 41:539-544.
• [27]Williams GC: Sex and evolution. Princeton: Princeton University Press; 1975.
• [28]Ricklefs RE: Cladogenesis and morphological diversification in passerine birds. Nature 2004, 430:338-341.
• [29]Pagel M, Venditti C, Meade A: Large punctuational contribution of speciation to evolutionary divergence at the molecular level. Science 2006, 314:119-121.
• [30]Woolfit M, Bromham L: Population size and molecular evolution on islands. Proc R Soc Biol Sci Ser B 2005, 272:2277-2282.
• [31]Gould SJ: The structure of evolutionary theory. Camridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press; 2002.
• [32]Benton MJ: Models for the diversification of life. Trends Ecol Evol 1997, 12(12):490-495.
• [33]Alroy J, Marshall CR, Bambach RK, Bezusko K, Foote M, Fursich FT, Hansen TA, Holland SM, Ivany LC, Jablonski D, et al.: Effects of sampling standardization on estimates of Phanerozoic marine diversification. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001, 98:6261-6266.
• [34]Sepkoski JJ: A factor analytic description of the phanerozoic marine fossil record. Paleobiology 1981, 7:36-53.
• [35]Alroy J, Aberhan M, Bottjer DJ, Foote M, Fursich FT, Harries PJ, Hendy AJW, Holland SM, Ivany LC, Kiessling W, et al.: Phanerozoic trends in the global diversity of marine invertebrates. Science 2008, 321:97-100.
• [36]Heard SB: Patterns in tree balance among cladistic, phenetic, and randomly generated phylogenetic trees. Evolution 1992, 46:1818-1826.
• [37]Darwin C: On the origin of species by means of natural selection or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: Murray; 1860.
• [38]Hughes NC: Strength in numbers: high phenotypic variance in early Cambrian trilobites and its evolutionary implications. BioEssays 2007, 29:1081-1084.
• [39]Rasnicyn AP: Collected works in evolutionary biology (Izbrannye trudy po evolucionnoj biologii). Moskva: Tovarisevstvo naucnych izdanii KMK; 2005.
• [40]Webster M: A Cambrian peak in morphological variation within trilobite species. Science 2007, 317:499-502.
• [41]Foote M: Survivorship analysis of Cambrian and Ordovician trilobites. Paleobiology 1988, 14:258-271.
• [42]Erwin DH: Disparity: Morphological pattern and developmental context. Palaeontology 2007, 50:57-73.
• [43]Rabosky DL, Lovette IJ: Explosive evolutionary radiations: Decreasing speciation or increasing extinction through time? Evolution 2008, 62:1866-1875.
• [44]Phillimore AB, Price TD: Density-dependent cladogenesis in birds. PLoS Biol 2008, 6:483-489.
• [45]Jablonski D: Survival without recovery after mass extinctions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002, 99:8139-8144.
• [46]Gould SJ: Wonderful Life. New York: W.W. Norton&Company; 1989.
• [47]Bowring SA, Grotzinger JP, Isachsen CE, Knoll AH, Pelechaty SM, Kolosov P: Calibrating rates of early cambrian evolution. Science 1993, 261:1293-1298.
• [48]Davison JA: Is evolution finished? Riv Biol/Biol Forum 2004, 97:111-116.
• [49]Conway-Morris S: Nipping the Cambrian "explosion" in the bud? BioEssays 2000, 22:1053-1056.
• [50]Conway-Morris S: Darwin's dilemma: the realities of the Cambrian 'explosion'. Philos Trans R Soc B Biol Sci 2006, 361:1069-1083.
• [51]Knoll AH, Carroll SB: Early animal evolution: Emerging views from comparative biology and geology. Science 1999, 284(5423):2129-2137.
• [52]Lieberman BS: A test of whether rates of speciation were unusually high during the Cambrian radiation. Proc R Soc Biol Sci Ser B 2001, 268:1707-1714.
• [53]Marshall CR: Explaining the Cambrian "explosion" of animals. Annu Rev Earth Planet Sci 2006, 34:355-384.
• [54]Briggs DEG, Fortey RA: Wonderful strife: systematics, stem groups, and the phylogenetic signal of the Cambrian radiation. Paleobiology 2005, 31:94-112.
• [55]Douzery EJ, Snell EA, Bapteste E, Delsuc F, Philippe H: The timing of eukaryotic evolution: does a relaxed molecular clock reconcile proteins and fossils? Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004, 101:15386-15391.
• [56]Cooper A, Fortey R: Evolutionary explosions and the phylogenetic fuse. Trends Ecol Evol 1998, 13(4):151-156.
• [57]Eldredge N: Allopatric model and phylogeny in paleozoic invertebrates. Evolution 1971, 25:156-167.
• [58]Eldredge N, Gould SJ: Models in Paleontology. In Punctuated equilibria: an alternative to phyletic gradualism. Edited by Schopf TJM. San Francisco: Freeman, Cooper & Co; 1972:82-115.
• [59]Eldredge N, Thompson JN, Brakefield PM, Gavrilets S, Jablonski D, Jackson JBC, Lenski RE, Lieberman BS, McPeek MA, Miller W: The dynamics of evolutionary stasis. Paleobiology 2005, 31:133-145.
• [60]Penny D: 20 Points on the structure and testability of Darwin’s theory. Biol Int 2010, 47:11-35.
• [61]Wheewell W: Principles of Geology, being an attempt to explain the former changes of the earth’s surface by reference to causes now in operation. Vol. II. Quart Rev London 1832, 47:103-132.
• [62]Rhodes FHT: Gradualism, punctuated equilibrium and the origin of species. Nature 1983, 305(5932):269-272.
• [63]Penny D: Darwin, Charles, gradualism and punctuated equilibria. Systematic Zoology 1983, 32:72-74.
• [64]Porter DM: Charles Darwin vascular plant specimens from the voyage of HMS Beagle. Bot J Linn Soc 1986, 93(1):1-172.
• [65]Wright S: The role of mutation, inbreeding, crossbreeding, and selection in evolution. Proc Sixth Internatl Cong Genet 1932, 1:356-366.
• [66]Carson HL: The population flush and its genetic consequences. In Population Biology and Evolution. Edited by Lewontin RC. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press; 1968:123-137.
• [67]Flegr J: On the "origin" of natural selection by means of speciation. Riv Biol -Biol Forum 1998, 91:291-304.
• [68]Flegr J: Frozen evolution or, that's not the way it is, Mr. Darwin A farewell to selfish gene. Praque: Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science Press; 2008.
• [69]Mallet J: Mayr's view of Darwin: was Darwin wrong about speciation? Biol J Linn Soc 2008, 95:3-16.
• [70]Bryant EHS, McCommas A, Combs LM: Morphometric differentiation among experimental lines of the housefly in relation to a bottleneck. Genetics 1986, 114:1213-1223.
• [71]Mezhzherin SV: Genetic differentiation and phylogenetic relationships among Palearctic mice (Rodentia, Muridae). Genetika (Moscow) 1997, 33:78-86.
• [72]Mikulas R: The principle of "Frozen Evolution" and its manifestation in the fossil record: the brachiopod genus Aegiromena Havlicek. In Proceedings of Paleontological Workshop Held in Honour of Doc.RNDr. Jaroslav Kraft, CSc. Plzen; 2008.
• [73]Dobzhansky T, Spassky B: Artifitial and natural selection for two behavioral traits in Drosophila pseudoobscura. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1969, 62:75-80.