Associations between biosecurity and outbreaks of canine distemper on Danish mink farms in 2012–2013

Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica

Tina Struve¹  Charlotte Kristiane Hjulsager⁴  Mette Sif Hansen⁴  Mette Kragh Jensen¹  Emma Hagberg¹  Mariann Chrièl⁴  Lars Andresen³  Anne Sofie Vedsted Hammer³  Jens Frederik Agger²  Louise Gregers-Jensen³ 

[1]Kopenhagen Diagnostics, Kopenhagen Fur, Langagervej 60, Glostrup, 2600, Denmark

[2]Department of Large Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 8, Frederiksberg C, 1870, Denmark

[3]Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ridebanevej 3, Frederiksberg C, 1870, Denmark

[4]National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Bülowsvej 27, Frederiksberg C, 1870, Denmark

关键词: Neovison vison;    Mink;    Biosecurity;    Canine distemper virus;   

Others  :  1228603
DOI  :  10.1186/s13028-015-0159-2

 received in 2014-10-30, accepted in 2015-09-25,  发布年份 2015

【 摘 要 】

Background

During 8 months from July 2012 to February 2013, a major outbreak of canine distemper involving 64 mink farms occurred on the Danish peninsula of Jutland. The canine distemper outbreak was associated with exposure of farmed mink to infected wild carnivores and could represent a deficit in biosecurity on the mink farms. The aim of this study was to investigate the extent and association of specific biosecurity measures with the outbreak. The study was carried out in an epidemiological case–control design. The case group consisted of the 61 farms, which had a confirmed outbreak of canine distemper from July 2012 to February 2013. The control group included 54 farms without an outbreak of canine distemper in 2012 or 2013, selected as the closest geographical neighbour to a case farm.

Results

The results showed that significantly more control than case farms had vaccinated their mink against canine distemper virus. Mortality was only assessed on the case farms, and there was a non-significantly lower mortality on vaccinated farms than on the non-vaccinated farms. Furthermore, the proportion of farms with observations of wild red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) inside the farm enclosures were larger for case farms, indicating that the control farms had a better biosecurity or were not equally exposed to canine distemper virus. Generally, all farms had very few specific precautions at the gate entrance in respect to human visitors as well as animals. The use of biosecurity measures was very variable in both case and control farms. Not using plastic boot covers, presence of dogs and cats, presence of demarcated area for changing clothes when entering and leaving the farm area and presence of hand washing facilities significantly lowered the odds of the farm having a canine distemper virus outbreak.

Conclusions

The results of the study indicate that consistent use of correct vaccination strategies, implementation of biosecurity measures and limiting human and animal access to the mink farm can be important factors in reducing the risk for canine distemper outbreaks.

【 授权许可】

   
2015 Gregers-Jensen et al.

【 图 表 】

Fig.1.

【 参考文献 】

• [1]Frölich K. Canine distemper in carnivores. In: Infectious diseases of wild mammals and birds in Europe. 1st ed. Gavier-Widén D, Duff JP, Meredith A, editors. Blackwell Publishing Ltd, Oxford; 2012: p.101-105.
• [2]Meli ML, Simmler P, Cattori V, Martinez F, Vargas A, Palomares F et al.. Importance of canine distemper virus (CDV) infection in free-ranging Iberian lynxes (Lynx pardinus). Vet Microbiol. 2010; 146:132-137.
• [3]Harder TC, Osterhaus ADME. Canine distemper virus—a morbillivirus in search of new hosts? Trends Microbiol. 1997;5:120–4.
• [4]Mamaev L, Visser I, Belikov S, Denikina N, Harder T, Goatley L et al.. Canine distemper virus in Lake Baikal seals (Phoca sibirica). Vet Rec. 1996; 138:437-439.
• [5]Appel MJ, Yates RA, Foley GL, Bernstein JJ, Santinelli S, Spelman LH et al.. Canine distemper epizootic in lions, tigers, and leopards in North America. J Vet Diagn Invest. 1994; 6:277-288.
• [6]Blixenkrone-Møller M, Svansson V, Appel M, Krogsrud J, Have P, Orvell C. Antigenic relationships between field isolates of Morbilliviruses from different carnivores. Arch Virol. 1992; 123:279-294.
• [7]Appel M. Canine distemper virus. In: Virus infections of carnivores. 1st ed. Appel MJ, editor. Elsevier Academic Press, The Netherlands; 1987: p.133.
• [8]Trebbien R, Chriel M, Struve T, Hjulsager CK, Larsen G, Larsen LE. Wildlife reservoirs of canine distemper virus resulted in a major outbreak in Danish farmed mink (Neovison vison). PLoS One. 2014.
• [9]Momberg-Jørgensen HC. Virusinfektioner. In: Pelsdyrssygdomme. Copenhagen: A/S Carl Fr. Mortensen, Veterinærmedicinsk Bog-og Instrumenthandel; 1953. p. 96–109.
• [10]Struve T, Wolf-Jäckel G, Hammer AS, Holm E, Larsen G. The worst outbreak of canine distemper in many years [in Danish]. Dansk Pelsdyravl. 2012;8:12–4. http://www.kopenhagenfur.com/da/om-os/fagbladet-dansk-pelsdyravl/tidligere-numre/2012. Accessed 22 Sep 2015.
• [11]Chriél M, Holm E, Larsen G, Jensen TK, Hansen MS, Enemark H, et al. Annual report of wildlife health 2012. National Veterinary Institute, DTU. 2013; p. 26. Accessed 22 Sep 2015.
• [12]Nielsen L, Arctander P, Jensen TH, Dietz H, Hammer AS, Banyard AC et al.. Genetic diversity and phylogenetic analysis of the attachment glycoprotein of phocine distemper viruses of the 2002 and 1988 epizootics. Virus Res. 2009; 144:323-328.
• [13]Hammer AS, Dietz H, Andersen T, Nielsen L, Blixenkrone-Møller M. Distemper virus as a cause of central nervous disease and death in badgers (Meles meles) in Denmark. Vet Rec. 2004;154:527–30.
• [14]Olofsson E, Nöremark M, Lewerin SS. Patterns of between-farm contacts via professionals in Sweden. Acta Vet Scand. 2014; 56:70. BioMed Central Full Text
• [15]Ribbens S, Dewulf J, Koenen F, Mintiens K, De Sadeleer L, de Kruif A, Maes D. A survey on biosecurity and management practice in Belgian pig herds. Prev Vet Med. 2008; 83:228-241.
• [16]Laanen M, Persoons D, Ribbens S, de Jong E, Gallens B, Stubbe M et al.. Relationship of biosecurity to production and treatment-characteristics in Belgian pig herds. Vet J. 2013; 198:508-512.
• [17]Gifford DH, Shane SM, Hugh-Jones M, Weigler BJ. Evaluation of biosecurity in broiler breeders. Avian Dis. 1987; 31:339-344.
• [18]Shane SM. Preventing erosive diseases in broiler parents. Zoot Int. 1993; 16:58-60.
• [19]Wells SJ. Biosecurity in dairy operations: hazards and risks. J Dairy Sci. 2000; 83:2380-2386.
• [20]Boklund A, Alban L, Mortensen S, Houe H. Biosecurity in 118 Danish fattening swineherds: descriptive results and factor analysis. Prev Vet Med. 2004; 66:49-62.
• [21]Heffernan C, Nielsen L, Thomson K, Gunn G. An exploration of the drivers to bio-security collective action among a sample of UK cattle and sheep farmers. Prev Vet Med. 2008; 87:358-372.
• [22]Ellis-Iversen J, Cook AJ, Watson E, Nielsen E, Woolridge MD, Hogeveen H. Perceptions, circumstances and motivators thet influence implementation of zoonotic control programs on cattle farms. Prev Vet Med. 2010; 93:276-285.
• [23]Laanen M, Maes D, Hendriksen C, Gelaude P, De Vliegher S, Rosseel Y, Dewulf J. Pig, cattle and poultry farmers with a known interest in research have comparable perspectives on disease prevention and on-farm biosecurity. Prev Vet Med. 2014; 115:1-9.
• [24]Rogers CW, Cogger N. A cross-sectional survey of biosecurity practices on Thoroughbred stud farms in New Zealand. N Z Vet J. 2010; 58:64-68.
• [25]Racicot M, Venne D, Durivage A, Vaillancourt J-P. Evaluation of strategies to enhance biosecurity compliance on poultry farms in Québec: effect of audits and cameras. Prev Vet Med. 2012; 103:208-218.
• [26]Firestone SM, Lewis FI, Schemann K, Ward MP, Toribio J-ALML, Dhand NK. Understanding the associations between on-farm biosecurity practice and equine influenza infection during the 2007 outbreak in Australia. Prev Vet Med. 2013; 110:28-36.
• [27]Anonymous. BEK nr. 265 af 28/03/2006 Bekendtgørelse om husning af mink og hegning af minkfarme. https://www.retsinformation.dk/Forms/R0710.aspx?id=31661. Accessed 22 Sep 2015.
• [28]Anonymous. BEK nr. 261 af 30/03/2011 Bekendtgørelse om obligatorisk sundhedsrådgivning i minkfarme. https://www.retsinformation.dk/Forms/R0710.aspx?id=136500. Accessed 22 Sep 2015.
• [29]Anonymous. Bek nr. 836 af 19/10/1993 Bekendtgørelse om hvalpesyge hos pelsdyr. https://www.retsinformation.dk/Forms/R0710.aspx?id=78252. Accessed 22 Sep 2015.
• [30]Gorham JR. Some experiments and field observations of distemper in mink and ferrets. Adv Vet Med. 1999; 41:557-570.
• [31]Themudo GE, Houe H, Agger JF, Østergaard J, Ersbøll AK. Identification of biosecurity measures and spatial variables as potential risk factors for Aleutian disease in Danish mink farms. Prev Vet Med. 2012; 107:134-141.