Iron Deficiency is Not Associated with Increased Blood Cadmium in Infants

Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine

Jung-Hun Park²  Sangkyu Park¹  Yangho Kim² 

[1] Department of Pediatrics, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine Ulsan, South Korea

[2] Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 290-3 Cheonha-Dong, Dong-Gu, Ulsan 682-060, South Korea

关键词: Anemia;    Cadmium;    Deficiency;    Iron;   

Others  :  790629
DOI  :  10.1186/2052-4374-26-3

 received in 2013-12-18, accepted in 2014-02-05,  发布年份 2014

【 摘 要 】

Objectives

To determine whether blood cadmium concentration is elevated in iron-deficient infants.

Methods

Blood cadmium and serum ferritin concentrations, serum iron/total iron-binding capacity (Fe/TIBC) and complete blood counts were measured in 31 iron deficient and 36 control infants, aged 6–24 months. All 31 iron-deficient infants received iron supplementation for 1–6 months.

Results

Blood cadmium concentrations were measured again in 19 of the iron deficient infants after their ferritin levels returned to the normal range. The mean blood cadmium concentration did not differ significantly in iron deficient and control infants. The mean blood cadmium concentration in the 19 iron-deficient infants was not significantly altered by ferric hydroxide treatment, while their hemoglobin, ferritin, and Fe/TIBC (%) concentrations were significantly higher after than before treatment.

Conclusion

These findings indicate that iron deficiency does not increase blood cadmium concentrations in infants, in contrast with the effects of iron deficiency on manganese and lead concentrations.

【 授权许可】

   
2014 Park et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

【 参考文献 】

• [1]De Benoist B, McLean E, Egli I, Cogswell M: Worldwide Prevalence of Anaemia1993-2005: WHO Global Database of Anaemia. Technical Report. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2008.
• [2]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): Recommendations to prevent and control iron deficiency in the United States. MMWR 1998, 47(No. RR-3):5.
• [3]Lozoff B: Iron defciency and child development. Food Nutr Bull 2007, 28(Supplement 4):560S-571S.
• [4]Lozoff B, Beard J, Connor J, Felt B, Georgie M, Schallert T: Long-lasting neural and behavioral effects of iron deficiency in infancy. Nutr Rev 2006, 64(s2):S34-S43.
• [5]Ragan HA: Effects of iron deficiency on the absorption and distribution of lead and cadmium in rats. J Lab Clin Med 1970, 90(4):700-705.
• [6]Garrick MD, Dolan KG: An expression system for a transporter of iron and other metals. Methods Mol Biol 2002, 196:147-154.
• [7]Park JD, Cherrington NJ, Klaassen CD: Intestinal absorption of cadmium is associated with divalent metal transporter 1 in rats. Toxicol Sci 2002, 8(2):288-294.
• [8]Ryu DY, Lee S, Park J, Choi DW, Klaassen CD, Park JD: Dietary iron regulates intestinal cadmium absorption through iron transporters in rats. Toxicol Lett 2004, 152(1):19-25.
• [9]Tallkvist J, Bowlus CL, Lönnerdal B: DMT1 gene expression and cadmium absorption in human absorptive enterocytes. Toxicol Lett 2001, 122(2):171-177.
• [10]Zoller H, Koch RO, Theurl I, Obrist P, Pietrangelo P, Montosi G, et al.: Expression of the duodenal iron transporters divalent-metal transporter 1 and ferroportin 1 in iron deficiency and iron overload. Gastroenterology 2001, 120(6):1412-1429.
• [11]Åkesson A, Berglund M, Schütz A, Bjellerup P, Bremme K, Vahter M: Cadmium exposure in pregnancy and lactation in relation to iron status. Am J Public Health 2002, 92(2):284-287.
• [12]Bárány E, Bergdahl IA, Bratteby LE, Lundh T, Samuelson G, Skerfving S, et al.: Iron status influences trace element levels in human blood and serum. Environ Res 2005, 98(2):215-223.
• [13]Berglund M, Åkesson A, Nermell B, Vahter M: Intestinal absorption of dietary cadmium in women depends on body iron stores and fiber intake. Environ Health Perspect 1994, 102(12):1058-1066.
• [14]Gallagher CM, Chen JJ, Kovach JS: The relationship between body iron stores and blood and urine cadmium concentrations in US never-smoking, non-pregnant women aged 20–49 years. Environ Res 2011, 111(5):702-707.
• [15]Kippler M, Ekström EC, Lönnerdal B, Goessler W, Akesson A, El Arifeen S, et al.: Influence of iron and zinc status on cadmium accumulation in Bangladeshi women. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2007, 222(2):221-226.
• [16]Kippler M, Goessler W, Nermell B, Ekström EC, Lönnerdal B, El Arifeen S, Vahter M: Factors influencing intestinal cadmium uptake in pregnant Bangladeshi women–a prospective cohort study. Environ Res 2009, 109(7):914-921.
• [17]Meltzer HM, Brantsaeter AL, Borch-Iohnsen B, Ellingsen DG, Alexander J, Thomassen Y, et al.: Low iron stores are related to higher blood concentrations of manganese, cobalt and cadmium in non-smoking, Norwegian women in the HUNT 2 study. Environ Res 2010, 110(5):497-504.
• [18]Mijal RS, Holzman CB: Blood cadmium levels in women of childbearing age vary by race/ethnicity. Environ Res 2010, 110(5):505-512.
• [19]Satarug S, Ujjin P, Vanavanitkun Y, Baker JR, Moore MR: Influence of body iron store status and cigarette smoking on cadmium body burden of healthy Thai women and men. Toxicol Lett 2004, 148(3):177-185.
• [20]Lee B-K, Kim Y: Iron deficiency is associated with increased levels of blood cadmium in the Korean general population: analysis of 2008–2009 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data. Environ Res 2012, 112(1):155-163.
• [21]Turgut S, Polat A, Inan M, Turgut G, Emmungil G, Bican M, Karakus TY, Genc O: Interaction between anemia and blood levels of iron, zinc, copper, cadmium and lead in children. Indian J Pediatr 2007, 74(9):827-830.
• [22]Zhao TT, Chen B, Wang HP, Wang R, Zhang H: Evaluation of toxic and essential elements in whole blood from 0- to 6-year-old children from Jinan, China. Clin Biochem 2013, 46(7–8):612-616.
• [23]Choi JW, Kim SK: Relationships of lead, copper, zinc, and cadmium levels versus hematopoiesis and iron parameters in healthy adolescents. Ann Clin Lab Sci 2005, 35(4):428-434.
• [24]Shah F, Kazi TG, Afridi HI, Kazi N, Baig JA, Shah AQ, Khan S, Kolachi NF, Wadhwa SK: Evaluation of status of trace and toxic metals in biological samples (scalp hair, blood, and urine) of normal and anemic children of two age groups. Biol Trace Elem Res 2011, 141(1–3):131-149.
• [25]Adams JW, et al.: Iron deficiency and other hypoproliferative anemias. In Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine 16th ed. Edited by Kasper DL. New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc; 2005:586-592.
• [26]Glass DC, Gray CN: Estimating mean exposures from censored data: exposure to benzene in the Australian petroleum industry. Ann Occup Hyg 2001, 45:275-282.
• [27]Horiguchi H, Oguma E, Sasaki S, Miyamoto K, Ikeda Y, Machida M, et al.: Comprehensive study of the effects of age, iron deficiency, diabetes mellitus, and cadmium burden on dietary cadmium absorption in cadmium-exposed female Japanese farmers. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2004, 196(1):114-123.
• [28]Tsukahara T, Ezaki T, Moriguchi J, Furuki K, Fukui Y, Ukai H, et al.: No significant effect of iron deficiency on cadmium body burden or kidney dysfunction among women in the general population in Japan. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2003, 76(4):275-281.
• [29]Tsukahara T, Ezaki T, Moriguchi J, Furuki K, Ukai H, Okamoto S, Sakurai H, Ikeda M: Effects of iron-deficiency anemia on cadmium uptake or kidney dysfunction are essentially nil among women in general population in Japan. Tohoku J Exp Med 2002, 197(4):243-247.
• [30]Olsson IM, Bensryd I, Lundh T, Ottosson H, Skerfving S, Oskarsson A: Cadmium in blood and urine–impact of sex, age, dietary intake, iron status, and former smoking–association of renal effects. Environ Health Perspect 2002, 110(12):1185-1190.
• [31]Park S, Sim C-S, Lee H, Kim Y: Blood manganese concentration is elevated in infants with iron deficiency. Biol Trace Elem Res 2013, 155(2):184-189.
• [32]Park S, Sim C-S, Lee H, Kim Y: Effects of iron therapy on blood lead concentrations in infants. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2014, 28(2):56-59.
• [33]Truska P, Rosival L, Balazova G, et al.: Blood and placental concentrations of cadmium, lead, and mercury in mothers and their newborns. J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol 1989, 33(2):141-147.
• [34]Radisch B, Luck W, Nau H: Cadmium concentrations in milk and blood of smoking mothers. Toxicol Lett 1987, 36(2):147-152.
• [35]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): Fourth National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals. 2013. http://www.cdc.gov/exposurereport/pdf/FourthReport_UpdatedTables_Sep2013.pdf webcite Accessed 5 October 2013
• [36]ATSDR: Toxicological Profile for Cadmium. Atlanta, GA: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry; 2008.
• [37]Kim Y, Lee B-K: Iron deficiency increases blood manganese level in the Korean general population according to KNHANES 2008. Neurotoxicology 2011, 32(2):247-254.
• [38]Bellinger DC: Prenatal exposures to environmental chemicals and children’s neurodevelopment: an update. Saf Health Work 2013, 4(1):1-11.
• [39]Kim Y, Kim JW: Toxic encephalopathy. Saf Health Work 2012, 3(4):243-256.
• [40]Karki P, Lee E, Aschner M: Manganese neurotoxicity: a focus on glutamate transporters. Ann Occup Environ Med 2013, 25:4. BioMed Central Full Text
• [41]Maguire JL, Salehi L, Birken CS, Carsley S, Mamdani M, Thorpe KE, et al.: Association between total duration of breastfeeding and iron deficiency. Pediatrics 2013, 131(5):e1530-1537.
• [42]Dee DL, Sharma AJ, Cogswell ME, Grummer-Strawn LM, Fein SB, Scanlon KS: Sources of supplemental iron among breastfed infants during the first year of life. Pediatrics 2008, 122(Suppl 2):S98-104.
• [43]Gabay C, Kushner I: Acute-phase proteins and other systemic responses to inflammation. N Engl J Med 1999, 340(17):448-454.