Novel microwell assay with high throughput and minimum consumption for organic solvents in the charge transfer-based spectrophotometric determination of clarithromycin in pharmaceutical formulations

Chemistry Central Journal

Ibrahim A Darwish¹  Mohammed A Alqarni¹  Tanveer A Wani¹ 

[1] Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia

关键词: High analysis throughput;    Organic solvents;    Charge-transfer;    Microwell spectrophotometric assay;    Clarithromycin;   

Others  :  787822
DOI  :  10.1186/1752-153X-7-172

 received in 2013-08-12, accepted in 2013-10-23,  发布年份 2013

【 摘 要 】

Background

Clarithromycin (CLM) is a semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic with a broad antibacterial spectrum. It has a potent activity against Myc. Pneumonia, Legionella Spp., H. Influenza, and Mor. Catarrhalis. It is also used for prevention and treatment of disseminated M. Avium infections in patients with AIDS. The therapeutic importance and wide use of CLM promotes the growing interest in developing proper methods for its determination in bulk and pharmaceutical formulations.

Results

The present study describes the development and validation of a novel assay that can increase the throughput and reduce the consumption of organic solvents in the charge transfer (CT)-based spectrophotometric determination of CLM. In this assay, the CT reaction between CLM as n-electron donor and 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (DDQ) as a π-electron acceptor was performed in the 96-microwells of an assay plate. The color signals of the CT complex were measured at 450 nm by microwell-plate absorbance reader. The linear range of the assay was 20−850 μg mL⁻¹. The limits of detection and quantitation were 15.5 and 51.2 μg mL⁻¹, respectively. The proposed assay gave very high precisions; the relative standard deviation (RSD) values did not exceed 1.82%.

Conclusions

The assay described herein has a high throughput property that facilitates the processing of large number of samples in a reasonable time. As well, it consumes minimum volumes of organic solvents, thus it significantly reduces the exposures of the analysts to the toxic effects of organic solvents, and reduce the analysis cost by 50-folds. The results demonstrated that the proposed assay has great practical value in the routine analysis of CLM in quality control laboratories.

【 授权许可】

   
2013 Darwish et al.; licensee Chemistry Central Ltd.

【 图 表 】

Figure 1.

Figure 2.

Figure 3.

Figure 4.

Figure 5.

【 参考文献 】

• [1]Bahal N, Nahata MC: The new macrolide antibiotics: azithromycin, clarithromycin, dirithromycin. Ann Pharmacother 1992, 26:46-55.
• [2]Parfitt K: Martindale The Complete Drug Reference. 33rd edition. Edited by Sweetman SC. London: Pharmaceutical Press; 2002:186.
• [3]Ioannis N, Athanasios CD: Determination of clarithromycin in human plasma by HPLC with electrochemical detection: validation and application in pharmacokinetic study. Biomed Chromatogr 2001, 15:507-508.
• [4]Choia SJ, Kima SB, Leea HY, Nab DH, Yoonb YS, Leeb SS, Kimc JH, Leeb KC, Leea HS: Column-switching high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of clarithromycin in human plasma with electrochemical detection. Talanta 2001, 54:377-382.
• [5]van Rooyen GF, Smit MJ, de Jager AD, Hundt HKL, Swart KJ, Hundt AFJ: Sensitive liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of clarithromycin in human plasma. Chromatogr B 2002, 768:223-229.
• [6]Li W, Rettig J, Jiang X, Francisco DT, Naidong W: Liquid chromatographic-electrospray tandem mass spectrometric determination of clarithromycin in human plasma. Biomed Chromatogr 2006, 20:1242-1251.
• [7]Jiang Y, Wang J, Li H, Wang Y, Gu J: Determination of clarithromycin in human plasma by liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2007, 43:1460-1464.
• [8]Görög S: Ultraviolet–visible Spectrophotometry in Pharmaceutical Analysis. New York: CRC Press; 1994.
• [9]Srinivasa RY, Rajani KV, Seshagiri RJ: Visible spectrophotometric determination of clarithromycin in pharmaceutical solid dosage forms. Asian J Chem 2002, 14:1791-1793.
• [10]Rao YS, Murthy TK, Chowdary KP, Rao JV: Assay of clarithromycin in pharmaceutical formulations. Ind Drugs 2002, 39:348-349.
• [11]Sayed RA, Hassan WS, El-Mammli MY, Shalaby A: New spectrophotometric and conductometric methods for macrolide antibiotics determination in pure and pharmaceutical dosage forms using rose Bengal. J Spectrosc 2013, 214270:1-13.
• [12]Shah J, Jan MR, Manzoor S: Extractive spectrophotometric methods for determination of clarithromycin in pharmaceutical formulations using bromothymol blue and cresol red. J Chin Chem Soc 2008, 55:1107-1112.
• [13]Walash MI, Rizk MS, Eid MI, Fathy ME: Spectrophotometric determination of four macrolide antibiotics in pharmaceutical formulations and biological fluids via binary complex formation with eosin and spectrophotometry. J AOAC Int 2007, 90:1579-1587.
• [14]Srinivasa RY, Jitendrababu V, Chowdary KP, Seshagiri R: Extractive spectrophotometric method for the determination of clarithromycin. Ind J Pharm Sci 2003, 65:653-655.
• [15]Sudheer P, Ganapathi PAV: Extractive spectrophotometric estimation of clarithromycin in pharmaceutical formulations. Ind Drugs 2001, 38:358-360.
• [16]Abdelmageed OH: Development and validation of a spectrophotometric method for the determination of macrolide antibiotics by using 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine. J AOAC Int 2007, 90:364-371.
• [17]Rao RM, Naresh S, Pendem K, Rao PS, Sastry CS: Simple spectrophotometric methods for determination of clarithromycin in pure state and tablets. Asian J Chem 2012, 24:1535-1537.
• [18]Frag EY, Mohamed GG, Farag AB, Yussof EB: Utility of π and σ-acceptor reagents for the spectrophotometric determination of cefotaxime sodium antibacterial drug via charge transfer complex formation. Insight Pharm Sci 2011, 1:47-54.
• [19]Zayed MA, Khalil SM, El-qudaby HM: Spectrophotometric study of the reaction mechanism between DDQ Π- and iodine σ-acceptors and chloroquine and pyrimethamine drugs and their determination in pure and in dosage forms. Spectrochim Acta A 2005, 62:461-465.
• [20]Darwish IA: Kinetic spectrophotometric assays for determination of trimetazidine dihydrochloride. Anal Chim Acta 2005, 551:222-231.
• [21]Darwish IA, Abdel-Wadood HA, Abdel-Latif NA: Validated spectrophotometric and fluorimetric assays for analysis of clozapine in tablets and urine. Annali di Chim 2005, 95:345-356.
• [22]Darwish IA, Refaat IH: Spectrophotometric analysis of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors based on formation of charge-transfer complexes with tetracyanoquinodimethane and chloranilic acid. J AOAC Int 2006, 89:326-333.
• [23]Darwish IA: Analytical study for the charge transfer complexes of losartan potassium. Anal Chim Acta 2005, 549:212-220.
• [24]El-Zaria ME, Etaiw SE: Two spectrophotometric methods for estimation of clarithromycin in pharmaceutical formulations and human plasma based on charge transfer complexes. Can J Anal Sci Spectrosc 2007, 52:316-324.
• [25]Li H, Xiao J: Spectrophotometric determination of clarithromycin based on the charge transfer reaction between clarithromycin and purpurin. Fenxi Huaxue 2005, 33:1327-1329.
• [26]Fidler AT, Baker EL, Letz RE: Neurobehavioural effects of occupational exposure to organic solvents among construction painters. Br J Ind Med 1987, 44:292-308.
• [27]Wennborg H, Bonde JP, Stenbeck M, Olsen J: Adverse reproduction outcomes among employees working in biomedical research laboratories. Scand J Work Environ Health 2002, 28:5-11.
• [28]Lindbohm ML, Taskinen H, Sallmén M, Hemminki K: Spontaneous abortions among women exposed to organic solvents. Am J Ind Med 1990, 17:449-463.
• [29]Wennborg H, Bodin L, Vainio H, Axelsson G: Pregnancy outcome of personnel in Swedish biomedical research laboratories. J Occup Environ Med 2000, 42:438-446.
• [30]Kristensen P, Hilt B, Svendsen K, Grimsrud TK: Incidence of lymphohaematopoietic cancer at a university laboratory: a cluster investigation. Eur J Epidemiol 2008, 23:11-15.
• [31]Rose J: Advanced Physico-Chemical Experiments. London: Pittman; 1964:54.
• [32]Budavari S: The Merck Index, An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drug and Biologicals, 12th ed. Whitehouse Station N.J: Merck & Co. Inc; 2001:94.
• [33]Taha A, Rücker G: Utility of pi-acceptors in alkaloid assay. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 1977, 310:485-494.
• [34]Miller JC, Miller JN: Statistics in Analytical Chemistry. 3rd edition. Chichester: Ellis Horwood; 1993.