Combined sodium hydroxide and ammonium hydroxide pretreatment of post-biogas digestion dairy manure fiber for cost effective cellulosic bioethanol production

Sustainable Chemical Processes

Troy M Runge²  John L Markley³  Aicardo Roa- Espinosa¹  Sasikumar Elumalai² 

[1]Soil Net LLC, 560 Enterprise Ave, Belleville, WI 53508, USA

[2]Department of Biological Systems Engineering, 460 Henry Mall, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA

[3]Department of Biochemistry, 433 Babcock Drive, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA

关键词: Enzyme saccharification;    Alkaline pretreatment;    Ammonium hydroxide;    Sodium hydroxide;    Manure fiber;    Digestion;    Biogas;   

Others  :  789155
DOI  :  10.1186/2043-7129-2-12

 received in 2014-03-22, accepted in 2014-05-12,  发布年份 2014

【 摘 要 】

Background

The current higher manufacturing cost of biofuels production from lignocellulosics hinders the commercial process development. Although many approaches for reducing the manufacturing cost of cellulosic biofuels may be considered, the use of less expensive feedstocks may represent the largest impact. In the present study, we investigated the use of a low cost feedstock: post-biogas digestion dairy manure fiber. We used an innovative pretreatment procedure that combines dilute sodium hydroxide with supplementary aqueous ammonia, with the goal of releasing fermentable sugar for ethanol fermentation.

Results

Post-biogas digestion manure fiber were found to contain 41.1% total carbohydrates, 29.4% lignin, 13.7% ash, and 11.7% extractives on dry basis. Chemical treatment were applied using varying amounts of NaOH and NH₃ (2-10% loadings of each alkali on dry solids) at mild conditions of 100°C for 5 min, which led to a reduction in lignin of 16-40%. Increasing treatment severity conditions to 121°C for 60 min improved delignification to 17-67%, but also solubilized significant amounts of the carbohydrates. A modified severity parameter model was used to determine the delignification efficiency of manure fiber during alkaline pretreatment. The linear model well predicted the experimental values of fiber delignification for all pretreatment methods (R² > 0.94). Enzymatic digestion of the treated fibers attained 15-50% saccharification for the low severity treatment, whereas the high severity treatment achieved up to 2-fold higher saccharification. Pretreatment with NaOH alone at a variety of concentrations and temperatures provide low delignification levels of only 5 − 21% and low saccharification yields of 3 − 8%, whereas pretreatment with the combination of NaOH and NH₃ improved delignification levels and saccharification yields 2–3.5 higher than pretreatment with NH₃ alone. Additionally, the combined NaOH and NH₃ pretreatment led to noticeable changes in fiber morphology as determined by SEM and CrI measurements.

Conclusions

We show that combined alkaline treatment by NaOH and NH₃ improves the delignification and enzymatic digestibility of anaerobically digested manure fibers. Although pretreatment leads to acceptable saccharification for this low-cost feedstock, the high chemical consumption costs of the process likely will require recovery and reuse of the treatment chemicals, prior to this process being economically feasibility.

【 授权许可】

   
2014 Elumalai et al.; licensee Chemistry Central Ltd.

【 图 表 】

Figure 1.

Figure 2.

Figure 3.

Figure 4.

Figure 5.

【 参考文献 】

• [1]Energy Perspectives: Fossil fuels dominate U.S. energy consumption. In Book Energy Prespectives: Fossil fuels dominate U.S. energy consumption. Washington, DC: Annual Energy Review-U.S. Energy Information and Administration; 2012.
• [2]International Energy Agency: Energy Statistics of OECD countries. In Book Energy Statistics of OECD countries. Moscow: International Energy Agency Statistics; 2013.
• [3]Simmons BA, Loque D, Blanch HW: Next-generation biomass feedstocks for biofuel production. Genome Biol 2008, 9:242.241-242.246.
• [4]Lynd LR, Cushman JH, Nichols RJ, Wyman CE: Fuel Ethanol from Cellulosic Biomass. Science 1991, 251:1318-1323.
• [5]Wyman CE: What is (and is not) vital to advancing cellulosic ethanol. Trends Biotechnol 2007, 25:153-157.
• [6]Slade R, Bauen A, Shah N: The greenhouse gas emissions performance of cellulosic ethanol supply chains in Europe. Biotechnol Biofuels 2009, 2:1-19. BioMed Central Full Text
• [7]Himmel ME, Ding SY, Johnson DK, Adney WS, Nimlos MR, Brady JW, Foust TD: Biomass recalcitrance: Engineering plants and enzymes for biofuels production. Science 2007, 315:804-807.
• [8]Pan XJ, Xie D, Gilkes N, Gregg DJ, Saddler JN: Strategies to enhance the enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated softwood with high residual lignin content. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2005, 121:1069-1079.
• [9]Chandra RP, Bura R, Mabee WE, Berlin A, Pan X, Saddler JN: Substrate pretreatment: The key to effective enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosics? Adv Biochem Eng Biot 2007, 108:67-93.
• [10]Hu G, Heitmann JA, Rojas OJ: Feedstock Pretreatment Strategies for Producing Ethanol from Wood, Bark, and Forest Residues. Bioresources 2008, 3:270-294.
• [11]Betancur GJV, Pereira N: Sugar cane bagasse as feedstock for second generation ethanol production. Part II: Hemicellulose hydrolysate fermentability. Electron J Biotechnol 2010, 13:1-11.
• [12]Silva NLC, Betancur GJV, Vasquez MP, Gomes ED, Pereira N: Ethanol Production from Residual Wood Chips of Cellulose Industry: Acid Pretreatment Investigation, Hemicellulosic Hydrolysate Fermentation, and Remaining Solid Fraction Fermentation by SSF Process. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2011, 163:928-936.
• [13]Vasquez MP, da Silva JNC, de Souza MB, Pereira N: Enzymatic hydrolysis optimization to ethanol production by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2007, 137:141-153.
• [14]Sun Y, Cheng JY: Hydrolysis of lignocellulosic materials for ethanol production: a review. Bioresource Technol 2002, 83:1-11.
• [15]Sarkar N, Ghosh SK, Bannerjee S, Aikat K: Bioethanol production from agricultural wastes: An overview. Renew Energ 2012, 37:19-27.
• [16]Yue ZB, Teater C, Liu Y, MacLellan J, Liao W: A Sustainable Pathway of Cellulosic Ethanol Production Integrating Anaerobic Digestion With Biorefining. Biotechnol Bioeng 2010, 105:1031-1039.
• [17]Liao W, Liu Y, Liu CB, Wen ZY, Chen SL: Acid hydrolysis of fibers from dairy manure. Bioresource Technol 2006, 97:1687-1695.
• [18]Wen ZY, Liao W, Chen SL: Hydrolysis of animal manure lignocellulosics for reducing sugar production. Bioresource Technol 2004, 91:31-39.
• [19]Chen S, Wen Z, Liao W, Liu C, Kincaid RL, Harrison JH, Elliott DC, Brown MD, Stevens DJ: Studies into using manure in a biorefinery concept. Appl Biochem Biotech 2005, 121:999-1015.
• [20]Teater C, Yue ZB, MacLellan J, Liu Y, Liao W: Assessing solid digestate from anaerobic digestion as feedstock for ethanol production. Bioresource Technol 2011, 102:1856-1862.
• [21]Gollehon N, Caswell M, Ribaudo M, Kellogg B, Lander C: Confined animal production and manure nutrients. J Agr Resour Econ 2000, 25:726-726.
• [22]United States Department of Agriculture: Farms, Land in Farms, and Livestock Operations. In Book Farms, Land in Farms, and Livestock Operations. Washington, DC: USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service; 2009.
• [23]Yadav A, Gupta R, Garg VK: Organic manure production from cow dung and biogas plant slurry by vermicomposting under field conditions. Int J Recycling Organic Waste in Agric 2013, 2:21. BioMed Central Full Text
• [24]Yadvika S, Sreekrishnan TR, Kohli S, Rana V: Enhancement of biogas production from solid substrates using different techniques––a review. Bioresour Technol 2004, 95:1-10.
• [25]Alvarez R, Villca S, Lidén G: Biogas production from llama and cow manure at high altitude. Biomass Bioenergy 2006, 30:66-75.
• [26]Iyagba ET, Mangibo IA, Mohammad YS: The study of cow dung as co-substrate with rice husk in biogas production. Scientific Res & Essay 2009, 4:861-866.
• [27]Petersen SO, Sommer SG, Beline F, Burton C, Dach J, Dourmad JY, Leip A, Misselbrook T, Nicholson F, Poulsen HD, et al.: Recycling of livestock manure in a whole-farm perspective. Livest Sci 2007, 112:180-191.
• [28]Miller DN, Berry ED: Cattle feedlot soil moisture and manure content: 1. Impacts on greenhouse gases, odor compounds, nitrogen losses, and dust. J Environ Qual 2005, 34:644-655.
• [29]Johnson GA, Davis JG, Qian YL, Doesken KC: Topdressing turf with composted manure improves soil quality and protects water quality. Soil Sci Soc Am J 2006, 70:2114-2121.
• [30]Olson BM, Papworth LW: Soil chemical changes following manure application on irrigated alfalfa and rainfed timothy in southern Alberta. Can J Soil Sci 2006, 86:119-132.
• [31]Spelter H, Winandy J, Zauche T: Anaerobically Digested Bovine Biofiber as a Source of Fiber for Particleboard Manufacturing: An Economic Analysis. Bioresources 2008, 3:1256-1266.
• [32]Tambone F, Genevini P, D’Imporzano G, Adani F: Assessing amendment properties of digestate by studying the organic matter composition and the degree of biological stability during the anaerobic digestion of the organic fraction of MSW. Bioresource Technol 2009, 100:3140-3142.
• [33]Kissinger WF, Koelsch RK, Erickson GE, Klopfenstein TJ: Characters of manure harvested from beef cattle feedlots. Appl Eng Agric 2007, 23:357-365.
• [34]Larney FJ, Ellert BH, Olson AF: Carbon, ash and organic matter relationships for feedlot manures and composts. Can J Soil Sci 2005, 85:261-264.
• [35]Reinertsen SA, Elliott LF, Cochran VL, Campbell GS: Role of Available Carbon and Nitrogen in Determining the Rate of Wheat Straw Decomposition. Soil Biol Biochem 1984, 16:459-464.
• [36]Hsu TA: Pretreament of biomass. In Handbook on Bioethanol: Production and Utilization. Edited by Wyman C. Washington, DC: Taylor & Francis; 1996:179-195.
• [37]Rahikainen JL, Martin-Sampedro R, Heikkinen H, Rovio S, Marjamaa K, Tamminen T, Rojas OJ, Kruus K: Inhibitory effect of lignin during cellulose bioconversion: The effect of lignin chemistry on non-productive enzyme adsorption. Bioresource Technol 2013, 133:270-278.
• [38]Kumar P, Barrett DM, Delwiche MJ, Stroeve P: Methods for Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass for Efficient Hydrolysis and Biofuel Production. Ind Eng Chem Res 2009, 48:3713-3729.
• [39]Elumalai S, Tobimatsu Y, Grabber JH, Pan XJ, Ralph J: Epigallocatechin gallate incorporation into lignin enhances the alkaline delignification and enzymatic saccharification of cell walls. Biotechnol Biofuels 2012, 5:59-71. BioMed Central Full Text
• [40]Chen Y, Stevens MA, Zhu YM, Holmes J, Xu H: Understanding of alkaline pretreatment parameters for corn stover enzymatic saccharification. Biotechnol Biofuels 2013, 6:8-17. BioMed Central Full Text
• [41]Silverstein RA, Chen Y, Sharma-Shivappa RR, Boyette MD, Osborne J: A comparison of chemical pretreatment methods for improving saccharification of cotton stalks. Bioresour Technol 2007, 98:3000-3011.
• [42]Kim TH, Kim JS, Sunwoo C, Lee YY: Pretreatment of corn stover by aqueous ammonia. Bioresource Technol 2003, 90:39-47.
• [43]Kim TH, Lee YY: Pretreatment and fractionation of corn stover by ammonia recycle percolation process. Bioresource Technol 2005, 96:2007-2013.
• [44]Kim TH, Lee YY: Pretreatment of corn stover by soaking in aqueous ammonia. Appl Biochem Biotech 2005, 121:1119-1131.
• [45]Yue ZB, Teater C, MacLellan J, Liu Y, Liao W: Development of a new bioethanol feedstock - Anaerobically digested fiber from confined dairy operations using different digestion configurations. Biomass Bioenerg 2011, 35:1946-1953.
• [46]Gupta R, Lee YY: Investigation of biomass degradation mechanism in pretreatment of switchgrass by aqueous ammonia and sodium hydroxide. Bioresource Technol 2010, 101:8185-8191.
• [47]Xu JL, Cheng JJ: Pretreatment of switchgrass for sugar production with the combination of sodium hydroxide and lime. Bioresource Technol 2011, 102:3861-3868.
• [48]Chang VS, Holtzapple MT: Fundamental factors affecting biomass enzymatic reactivity. Appl Biochem Biotech 2000, 84–6:5-37.
• [49]Parsons TR, Maita Y, Lalli CM: A manual of chemical and biological methods for seawater analysis. Paris: Pergamon Press; 1984.
• [50]McCabe WL, Smith JC, Harriott P: Operations involving particulate solids. In Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering. 5th edition. Edited by McCabe WL, Smith JC, Harriot P. Singapore: McGraw Hill; 1993:925.
• [51]Humbird R, Davis R, Tao L, Kinchin C, Hsu D, Aden A, Schoen P, Lukas J, Olthof B, Worley M, Sexton D, Dudgeon D: Dilute-Acid Pretreatment and Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Corn Stover. In Process Design and Economics for Biochemical Conversion of Lignocellulosic Biomass to Ethanol. 303rd edition. National Renewable Energy Laboratory /TP-5100-47764, Golden, CO; 2011:275-3000.
• [52]Bhatia L, Johri S, Ahmad R: An economic and ecological perspective of ethanol production from renewable agro waste: a review. AMB Express 2012, 2:1-19. BioMed Central Full Text
• [53]Fox SC, McDonald AG: Chemical and Thermal Characterization of Three Industrial Lignins and Their Corresponding Lignin Esters. Bioresources 2010, 5:990-1009.
• [54]Daystar JS, Venditti RA, Gonzalez R, Jameel H, Jett M, Reeb CW: Impacts of Feedstock Composition on Alcohol Yields and Greenhouse Gas Emissions from the NREL Thermochemical Ethanol Conversion Process. Bioresources 2013, 8:5261-5278.
• [55]Kylliainen O, Holmbom B: Chemical composition of components in spruce bark waters. Pap Puu-Pap Tim 2004, 86:289-292.
• [56]Sluiter JB, Ruiz RO, Scarlata CJ, Sluiter AD, Templeton DW: Compositional Analysis of Lignocellulosic Feedstocks. 1. Review and Description of Methods. J Agr Food Chem 2010, 58:9043-9053.
• [57]Thammasouk K, Tandjo D, Penner MH: Influence of extractives on the analysis of herbaceous biomass. J Agr Food Chem 1997, 45:437-443.
• [58]Chen Y, Stevens MA, Zhu Y, Holmes J, Xu H: Understanding of alkaline pretreatment parameters for corn stover enzymatic saccharification. Biotechnol Biofuels 2013, 6:1-10. BioMed Central Full Text
• [59]Chaturvedi V, Verma P: An overview of key pretreatment processes employed for bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass into biofuels and value added products. 3 Biotech 2013, 3:415-431.
• [60]Yu ZY, Jameel H, Chang HM, Park S: The effect of delignification of forest biomass on enzymatic hydrolysis. Bioresource Technol 2011, 102:9083-9089.
• [61]Mittal A, Katahira R, Himmel ME, Johnson DK: Effects of alkaline or liquid-ammonia treatment on crystalline cellulose: changes in crystalline structure and effects on enzymatic digestibility. Biotechnol Biofuels 2011, 4:41-55. BioMed Central Full Text
• [62]Krassig HA: Methods of activation. In Cellulose. 11th edition. Edited by Krassig HA. Netherlands: Taylor & Francis; 1993:215-258.
• [63]Sathitsuksanoh N, Zhu ZG, Wi S, Zhang YHP: Cellulose Solvent-Based Biomass Pretreatment Breaks Highly Ordered Hydrogen Bonds in Cellulose Fibers of Switchgrass. Biotechnol Bioeng 2011, 108:521-529.
• [64]Kim SB, Lee SJ, Lee JH, Jung YR, Thapa LP, Kim JS, Um Y, Park C, Kim SW: Pretreatment of rice straw with combined process using dilute sulfuric acid and aqueous ammonia. Biotechnol Biofuels 2013, 6:109-119. BioMed Central Full Text
• [65]Cheng YS, Zheng Y, Yu CW, Dooley TM, Jenkins BM, VanderGheynst JS: Evaluation of High Solids Alkaline Pretreatment of Rice Straw. Appl Biochem Biotech 2010, 162:1768-1784.
• [66]Miron J, Benghedalia D: Effect of Hydrolyzing and Oxidizing-Agents on the Composition and Degradation of Wheat Straw Monosaccharides. Eur J Appl Microbiol 1982, 15:83-87.
• [67]Lu FC, Ralph J: The DFRC method for lignin analysis. Part 3. NMR studies. J Wood Chem Technol 1998, 18:219-233.
• [68]Blumenkr N, Asboehan G: New Method for Quantitative-Determination of Uronic Acids. Anal Biochem 1973, 54:484-489.
• [69]Park S, Baker JO, Himmel ME, Parilla PA, Johnson DK: Cellulose crystallinity index: measurement techniques and their impact on interpreting cellulase performance. Biotechnol Biofuels 2010, 3:10-19. BioMed Central Full Text
• [70]Overend RP, Chornet E: Fractionation of Lignocellulosics by Steam-Aqueous Pretreatments. Philos T R Soc A 1987, 321:523-536.
• [71]Chum HL, Johnson DK, Black SK, Overend RP: Pretreatment Catalyst Effects and the Combined Severity Parameter. Appl Biochem Biotech 1990, 24–5:1-14.
• [72]Sasikumar E, Viruthagiri T: Optimization of Process Conditions Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) for Ethanol Production from Pretreated Sugarcane Bagasse: Kinetics and Modeling. Bioenerg Res 2008, 1:239-247.